Environmental Ethics

Respuesta correcta: B) Anthropocentrism

• A) BiocentrismIncorrect. Biocentrism values all life.
• B) AnthropocentrismCorrect. Specific term for human-centered views.
• C) EcocentrismIncorrect. Ecocentrism values the whole ecosystem.
• D) EgocentrismIncorrect. Egocentrism is being self-centered.

Respuesta correcta: D) were created

• A) create'Create' would be active and would need the agents named; the sentence presents them as the beneficiaries.
• B) have created'Have created' is present perfect active and implies the creation is still relevant, not a historical fact.
• C) are created'Are created' would mean the parks are being made right now, but the action is historical.
• D) were createdThe past simple passive marks the parks as the result of a completed action, with no agent named.

Respuesta correcta: A) valued

• A) valuedCorrect. Second conditional for a hypothetical present attitude.
• B) valueIncorrect. First conditional.
• C) had valuedIncorrect. Third conditional.
• D) would valueIncorrect. 'Would' not in 'if' clause.

Respuesta correcta: B) obligation

• A) choiceA choice is a free option with no duty attached, so it understates the ethical commitment.
• B) obligationAn obligation is a duty or commitment, which is how ethics frames what is owed to future generations.
• C) refusalA refusal means declining to act, the opposite of taking on an obligation.
• D) accidentAn accident is unintended, whereas leaving a healthy planet requires deliberate effort.

Respuesta correcta: B) intrinsic

• A) instrumentalIncorrect. Instrumental value is value as a tool/resource.
• B) intrinsicCorrect. Intrinsic value is value for its own sake.
• C) commercialIncorrect. Commercial value is based on profit.
• D) temporaryIncorrect. Values are often seen as permanent.

Respuesta correcta: A) compromising

• A) compromisingCorrect. To compromise here means to weaken or damage.
• B) destroyingIncorrect. Comprises sustainability.
• C) increasingIncorrect. Doesn't fit the standard definition.
• D) ignoringIncorrect. Sustainability requires attention to future needs.

Respuesta correcta: B) are being debated

• A) are debating'Are debating' is active and would need the debaters as the subject; the rights are what is being discussed.
• B) are being debatedThe present continuous passive marks an ongoing trend: the debate is still happening.
• C) debated'Debated' alone has no auxiliary and cannot form a tense.
• D) have debated'Have debated' is present perfect active and would name the debaters.

Respuesta correcta: C) Stewardship

• A) OwnershipOwnership means possessing something; stewardship is about caring for it responsibly.
• B) ExploitationExploitation means using resources for profit without care, the opposite of stewardship.
• C) StewardshipStewardship is the established term for the responsible management and protection of nature.
• D) NeglectNeglect means failing to care for something, also the opposite of the practice described.

Respuesta correcta: A) had gained

• A) had gainedCorrect. Past perfect for a state completed by a past point.
• B) gainsIncorrect. Present tense.
• C) has gainedIncorrect. Present perfect.
• D) was gainingIncorrect. Focus is on the completed state of having momentum.

Respuesta correcta: A) superiority

• A) superiorityCorrect. Superiority is the state of being higher in rank or quality.
• B) equalityIncorrect. Speciesism is based on inequality.
• C) indifferenceIncorrect. It's an active assumption of being 'better'.
• D) kindnessIncorrect. Speciesism leads to exploitation, not kindness.

Respuesta correcta: C) Ecology

• A) PhysicsPhysics studies matter, energy and forces, not the relations between living organisms.
• B) AnatomyAnatomy studies the structure of bodies, not ecological relations.
• C) EcologyEcology is the branch of biology that studies how organisms relate to each other and to their surroundings.
• D) ChemistryChemistry studies substances and their reactions, not living communities.

Respuesta correcta: C) will have been recognized

• A) will recognizeIncorrect. Active voice.
• B) recognizedIncorrect. Past simple.
• C) will have been recognizedCorrect. Future perfect passive for a completed state in the future.
• D) recognizingIncorrect. Gerund.

Respuesta correcta: C) resilience

• A) fragilityIncorrect. Biodiversity reduces fragility.
• B) stagnationIncorrect. Nature is dynamic.
• C) resilienceCorrect. Resilience is the ability to recover from difficulties.
• D) isolationIncorrect. Systems are interconnected.

Respuesta correcta: A) didn't produce

• A) didn't produceCorrect. Second conditional for a hypothetical change.
• B) don't produceIncorrect. First conditional.
• C) hadn't producedIncorrect. Third conditional.
• D) wouldn't produceIncorrect. 'Would' not in 'if' clause.

Respuesta correcta: D) disproportionate

• A) equalIncorrect. If it were equal, there would be no 'disproportionate' share.
• B) minimalIncorrect. The goal is for everyone to have minimal, not for one group to bear it all.
• C) invisibleIncorrect. Consequences are often very visible.
• D) disproportionateCorrect. Disproportionate means too large or too small in comparison with something else.

Respuesta correcta: A) sink

• A) sinkA sink is the term for a system that absorbs and stores carbon dioxide from the air.
• B) sourceA source releases carbon into the atmosphere; a sink is defined by absorbing it.
• C) waste'Waste' describes material discarded, not a reservoir that takes in gas.
• D) filter'Filter' is a loose comparison; the technical term for an absorbing reservoir is 'sink'.

Respuesta correcta: C) would have

• A) will haveIncorrect. Backshifted in reported speech.
• B) has hadIncorrect. Present perfect.
• C) would haveCorrect. Backshifted from 'will have' to 'would have'.
• D) haveIncorrect. Present tense.

Respuesta correcta: B) minimal

• A) maximalIncorrect. We want to reduce impact.
• B) minimalCorrect. Minimal means of a minimum amount, quantity, or degree.
• C) randomIncorrect. Should be intentional.
• D) hiddenIncorrect. Should be transparent.

Respuesta correcta: B) had been clean

• A) was cleanIncorrect. Past simple doesn't show the long state before the change as well as past perfect.
• B) had been cleanCorrect. Past perfect for a state that existed before another past event.
• C) has been cleanIncorrect. Present perfect.
• D) is cleanIncorrect. Present tense.

Respuesta correcta: B) biocentric

• A) egoisticIncorrect. Values only oneself.
• B) biocentricCorrect. Values all living things.
• C) commercialIncorrect. Values only profit.
• D) narrowIncorrect. We need a broader view.