Environmental Law

Respuesta correcta: D) Regulation

• A) SuggestionIncorrect. Regulations are rules, not just suggestions.
• B) OpinionIncorrect. Regulations have legal force.
• C) LegendIncorrect. A legend is a story.
• D) RegulationCorrect. Specific term for official rules.

Respuesta correcta: D) has been ratified

• A) ratifyIncorrect. Needs 'has been' for passive.
• B) ratifiesIncorrect. Present tense.
• C) is ratifyingIncorrect. Active voice.
• D) has been ratifiedCorrect. Present perfect passive for a completed action with present relevance.

Respuesta correcta: B) were

• A) areIncorrect. First conditional.
• B) wereCorrect. Second conditional for a hypothetical change in enforcement.
• C) had beenIncorrect. Third conditional.
• D) would beIncorrect. 'Would' not in 'if' clause.

Respuesta correcta: C) bear the costs

• A) ignore"Ignore" is the opposite of the principle, which requires the polluter to deal with the damage instead of looking away from it.
• B) avoid responsibilityIncorrect. The principle is about taking responsibility.
• C) bear the costsCorrect. 'Bear the cost' means to pay for something.
• D) increase emissions"Increase emissions" would mean producing even more pollution, the exact outcome the principle is designed to prevent.

Respuesta correcta: C) personhood

• A) ownershipIncorrect. personhood is about rights, not just being owned.
• B) destructionIncorrect. Legal personhood is meant to prevent destruction.
• C) personhoodCorrect. Legal personhood is the status of being a person in the eyes of the law.
• D) anonymityIncorrect. personhood involves having a name and status.

Respuesta correcta: A) assessment

• A) assessmentCorrect. An assessment is an evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something.
• B) trialA "trial" is a legal case in court; the term for the evaluation of a project's environmental impact is "assessment".
• C) gossip"Gossip" is informal talk about private matters; it has no place in a legal assessment procedure.
• D) celebration"Celebration" is a festive event; an EIA is a technical evaluation carried out before construction starts.

Respuesta correcta: D) are being implemented

• A) are implementing"Are implementing" is active: it would make the governments the ones doing the work. The limits are what is being implemented, so the passive is needed.
• B) implementedIncorrect. Past simple.
• C) have implemented"Have implemented" is active and perfect; the regulatory process is still under way, and the limits are what is being implemented.
• D) are being implementedCorrect. Present continuous passive for an ongoing regulatory process.

Respuesta correcta: A) comply with

• A) comply withCorrect. To comply with means to act in accordance with a wish or command.
• B) disagreeIncorrect. You can disagree but still comply (obey).
• C) ignoreIncorrect. Failure to comply is more formal than just ignoring.
• D) createCompanies face fines or legal action for breaking the rules; "create" would be the opposite of what regulations do.

Respuesta correcta: C) had been fighting

• A) was fightingIncorrect. Past continuous.
• B) has been fightingIncorrect. Present perfect continuous.
• C) had been fightingCorrect. Past perfect continuous for duration before a past point.
• D) fightIncorrect. Present simple.

Respuesta correcta: D) deceptive

• A) honestIncorrect. Greenwashing is deceptive.
• B) accurateGreenwashing means making claims that are false or exaggerated, so the description must be misleading, not accurate.
• C) scientificIncorrect. It often lacks real scientific basis.
• D) deceptiveCorrect. Deceptive means giving an appearance or impression different from the true one; misleading.

Respuesta correcta: A) Legislation

• A) LegislationCorrect. The formal term for laws.
• B) RumorA "rumor" is unverified talk that spreads by word of mouth; legislation is the opposite, an officially approved text of law.
• C) TraditionA "tradition" is a custom passed down over generations; a law is deliberately enacted by a parliament.
• D) MythA "myth" is a traditional story believed to be true; legislation is a written rule approved by a governing body.

Respuesta correcta: A) will have been banned

• A) will have been bannedCorrect. Future perfect passive for a completed state in the future.
• B) will banIncorrect. Active voice.
• C) are bannedIncorrect. Present.
• D) banningIncorrect. Gerund.

Respuesta correcta: A) Jurisdiction

• A) JurisdictionCorrect. Legal power over an area.
• B) Navigation"Navigation" is the planning of routes at sea or in the air; the power to make legal judgments belongs to "jurisdiction".
• C) Celebration"Celebration" is a festive event; jurisdiction is about legal authority over an area.
• D) Isolation"Isolation" means being separated; jurisdiction is about the official power to decide legal matters.

Respuesta correcta: C) joined

• A) joinIncorrect. First conditional.
• B) had joinedIncorrect. Third conditional.
• C) joinedCorrect. Second conditional for a hypothetical change.
• D) would joinIncorrect. 'Would' not in 'if' clause.

Respuesta correcta: C) powerful tool

• A) unimportantThe author calls environmental litigation a powerful tool, so calling it unimportant contradicts the conclusion.
• B) secret weaponIncorrect. It's a public legal process.
• C) powerful toolCorrect. Litigation is the process of taking legal action.
• D) distractionIncorrect. Author sees it as essential.

Respuesta correcta: A) Litigant

• A) LitigantCorrect. Formal term for a party in a lawsuit.
• B) WitnessIncorrect. A witness gives evidence but is not a party to the suit.
• C) JudgeIncorrect. The judge hears the case.
• D) JuryIncorrect. The jury decides the facts.

Respuesta correcta: B) had passed

• A) passedIncorrect. Present hypothetical.
• B) had passedCorrect. 'Wish + past perfect' for past regret.
• C) passesIncorrect. Present.
• D) would passIncorrect. Future.

Respuesta correcta: A) taking into account

• A) taking into accountCorrect. To take into account means to consider something when making a decision.
• B) ignoringSustainable finance requires ESG factors to be weighed up, so ignoring them would defeat the definition.
• C) hidingHiding ESG information is the opposite of disclosing it, which is what the definition requires.
• D) deletingDeleting the data would remove the factors entirely; the point is to consider them, not erase them.

Respuesta correcta: B) had violated

• A) has violatedIncorrect. Backshifted in reported speech.
• B) had violatedCorrect. Backshifted from past simple or present perfect to past perfect.
• C) violatesIncorrect. Present tense.
• D) will violateIncorrect. Future.

Respuesta correcta: B) at the expense of

• A) in addition toIncorrect. It doesn't mean adding.
• B) at the expense ofCorrect. 'At the expense of' means with the loss or damage of.
• C) because of"Because of" gives a cause, but the sentence contrasts economic development with damage to the planet rather than explaining a cause.
• D) instead of"Instead of" signals a replacement, which would mean one thing is used in place of another; here the point is that development should not cost the planet its health.