Psychology Wellbeing

Respuesta correcta: D) exacerbate

• A) alleviateIncorrect. 'Alleviate' means to make something less severe, which is the opposite of what's needed.
• B) mitigateIncorrect. 'Mitigate' means to make something less severe, which doesn't fit the negative consequence implied.
• C) facilitateIncorrect. 'Facilitate' means to make an action or process easy or easier, which is not appropriate for a social divide.
• D) exacerbateCorrect. 'Exacerbate' means to make a problem or bad situation worse, which fits perfectly here.

Respuesta correcta: A) surprised

• A) surprised'Never being surprised' captures both halves of the sentence: rehearsal starts as protection against being caught off guard, and then turns into a defence against being genuinely taken aback. The word must name the emotion the habit both prevents and overreaches against.
• B) rewarded'Rewarded' names a positive outcome the sentence never mentions, and rehearsing is not typically a defence against praise. The clause 'a way of feeling safe' points to vulnerability, which is what being surprised represents.
• C) diagnosed'Diagnosed' belongs to medicine and does not fit a habit described in terms of anticipation. Nothing in the sentence involves assessment or clinical labelling, so the word fails on register as well as on meaning.
• D) ignored'Ignored' describes what others do to a person, and the sentence is about what the client prevents happening to themselves. The subject of 'being' is the client's own experience, so an externally inflicted action is the wrong kind of word.

Respuesta correcta: B) additive

• A) cumulative'Cumulative' means accumulating over time, which would suggest the effect grew with each exercise. The sentence rules that out by comparing the effect to a fixed baseline instead of to previous rounds.
• B) additive'Additive' means adding to something already there, and the sentence contrasts an additive effect with one that is merely 'relative to' a baseline. Since the intervention did not add anything beyond the existing level, the writer is saying the effect was not additive.
• C) residual'Residual' means what remains after something is subtracted, and no such calculation appears in the sentence. The point being made concerns how the gain relates to a starting level, not what is left over after removal.
• D) redundant'Redundant' means unnecessary because it duplicates something else, and nothing in the sentence says the exercises duplicated another activity. The comparison with the baseline is quantitative, not about overlap between two treatments.

Respuesta correcta: D) impairs

• A) soothes'To soothe' is to calm and relieve, which is the opposite of what sleep debt does. The sentence describes a reduction in the capacity to cope, and nothing in it suggests any calming effect.
• B) accelerates'To accelerate' concerns speed, and the sentence is about a capacity failing rather than a process speeding up. The relevant contrast is between a working regulatory system and a degraded one, not between fast and slow.
• C) illustrates'To illustrate' is to explain something by giving examples, and it describes what a text does rather than what sleep does to a brain. The verb in the sentence has to name a reduction in function, which is what 'impairs' does.
• D) impairs'To impair' is to weaken or damage the normal functioning of something, and that is what happens to the brain's regulation system. The clause 'which is why small setbacks feel disproportionately large' shows the impairment at work.

Respuesta correcta: C) To offer young people a free space where professionals listen to them and help them.

• A) To report students who bully their classmates to the police.Incorrect. Bullying is one of the topics young people talk about, but the text never says the line reports anyone to the police.
• B) To help students prepare for their final exams.Incorrect. Exam stress is mentioned as a common topic, but the line offers emotional support, not academic preparation.
• C) To offer young people a free space where professionals listen to them and help them.Correct. The text describes a free line where psychologists listen "without judging" and connect callers with services when needed, and the final quotation says that being listened to is the first step to feeling better.
• D) To replace hospitals and health services in Bogotá.Incorrect. The psychologists connect callers "with health services" when necessary, so the line works with them instead of replacing them.

Respuesta correcta: A) The school believes that sleeping enough can help students perform better.

• A) The school believes that sleeping enough can help students perform better.Correct. After seeing that students who slept more had less anxiety and better concentration, the school reduced homework before mock exams and taught parents about sleep, which shows it sees sleep as important for performance.
• B) Most students at the school slept more than eight hours a night.Incorrect. The text says almost half slept fewer than six hours, so this option contradicts the results.
• C) The teachers expected that students slept very little.Incorrect. The text says that the results "surprised the teachers", which suggests they did not expect so little sleep.
• D) The school banned mobile phones from students' homes.Incorrect. Phone use is mentioned as a cause of little sleep, but the school's actions were reducing homework and organising a workshop, not banning phones.

Respuesta correcta: A) Doctors saw that many older people living alone felt isolated.

• A) Doctors saw that many older people living alone felt isolated.Correct. The text says the programme "began after doctors noticed that many older people who lived alone were feeling isolated", which gives the reason directly.
• B) Don Ernesto asked the city to organise it.Incorrect. Don Ernesto is a participant who explains why he stays; the text does not say he asked for the programme.
• C) The park was empty early in the morning.Incorrect. The text gives the time of the walks but never presents the empty park as the reason for the programme.
• D) The physical therapist needed a new job.Incorrect. The therapist leads the group and adapts the route, but the text does not mention why she or he joined, and it is not the origin of the programme.

Respuesta correcta: B) A change in the modal verb that alters how firmly the evidence is being asserted.

• A) A difference in the number of patients who were treated.Nothing in the sentence mentions sample size or the number of participants. The two descriptions concern how the result is worded, and the verbs 'may' and the bare present are the only things that vary.
• B) A change in the modal verb that alters how firmly the evidence is being asserted.'May help' and 'works' differ in certainty, not in the therapy itself. The report is drawing attention to the modal as the place where the strength of a claim is encoded, which is why the same study can be presented with different degrees of confidence.
• C) A difference in the price charged by the two hospitals.No cost is mentioned anywhere in the quotation. The contrast is between two ways of stating the same therapeutic claim, and it is the hedging that changes, not the economics.
• D) A difference in the training received by the staff administering the therapy.The sentence says nothing about staff or their qualifications. What differs between the two leaflets is the modality of the claim, and the report is precisely about that rather than about clinical standards.

Respuesta correcta: B) unable to cope because there is too much to deal with.

• A) very happy and excited about their work.Incorrect. The text describes exhaustion and emotional emptiness, so a positive meaning does not fit the context.
• B) unable to cope because there is too much to deal with.Correct. The next sentence explains why the doctors feel this way: very long shifts, dozens of patients and no time to rest, which describes having more work and pressure than a person can handle.
• C) bored because they have nothing to do.Incorrect. The doctors have too much to do, not too little: long shifts and dozens of patients a day.
• D) well paid for their extra hours.Incorrect. The text does not mention payment; "overwhelmed" describes an emotional state caused by excessive work.

Respuesta correcta: C) The arrangement is permitted rather than guaranteed, and the commitment to support it is weaker than the wording first appears.

• A) The policy is compulsory for every employee without exception.'Might' is the opposite of an obligation, and the sentence explicitly frames Friday working from home as a possibility. Reading this as compulsory contradicts the modal that opens the clause.
• B) Management has already decided to close the offices on Fridays.Nothing in the sentence states a decision to close anything. The clause says management should keep the offices open, which is the reverse of closure, and the modality leaves the matter undecided.
• C) The arrangement is permitted rather than guaranteed, and the commitment to support it is weaker than the wording first appears.'Might' and 'should in theory' both soften the promise. The permission is optional and the expectation is qualified by 'in theory', so a reader should not treat the arrangement as an entitlement. The item asks students to hear the hedging rather than the permission.
• D) Employees have complained publicly about the arrangement.The quotation is a statement of policy, not a report of complaint. No dissatisfaction is expressed or attributed to anyone, and the sentence gives only the terms of the arrangement and the hedging around them.

Respuesta correcta: A) had

• A) hadCorrect. 'Hardly had...' is a classic C1 inversion structure used for sequential events.
• B) hasIncorrect. The sentence refers to a past sequence, requiring the past perfect in inversion.
• C) wasIncorrect. 'Was' does not fit the past perfect structure required by 'Hardly'.
• D) didIncorrect. 'Did' would require the base form of the verb, not the past participle 'been'.

Respuesta correcta: D) did

• A) had'Had' would form a past perfect and need the participle 'said', placing the speaking before another past point. The sentence reports a first occurrence within a course of sessions, which is a simple past event and not a perfect.
• B) were'Were' would form a passive or a copula, and the clients are the ones who speak, not the ones spoken about. An inverted clause after 'not before' needs a finite auxiliary, and only 'did' gives one here.
• C) have'Have' would connect the speaking to the present, but the therapist's expectation was formed during the same course of sessions. The tense of the report is the past simple, which is what the inverted 'did' carries.
• D) did'Not before' is a negative fronted expression that inverts the main clause, and 'did' is the auxiliary that carries the past: 'not before the third session did most clients say'. The main verb returns to its base form 'say'.

Respuesta correcta: D) had

• A) has'Has' would mean the clinic has not started publishing, which is incompatible with the second clause describing the discrepancy that followed. The first event must be complete before the inquiry begins.
• B) was'Was' would form a passive or a copula, and the clinic is the agent that began publishing, not the thing being acted upon. The inversion needs a perfect auxiliary before the subject, which 'was' cannot supply.
• C) did'Did' gives a past simple and would describe the clinic as beginning at one moment rather than reaching the completed point that a perfect marks. In 'scarcely...when', the first half is always a perfect.
• D) had'Scarcely' is a negative adverbial that inverts the clause, and the past perfect is what it takes: 'scarcely had the clinic started publishing'. The 'when' clause then returns to normal order and uses the past simple, which is the fixed shape of the pattern.

Respuesta correcta: C) does

• A) do'Do' is the plural auxiliary, but the subject is the singular noun phrase 'a waiting list'. Number agreement is decided by that subject, which has moved to the right of the auxiliary because of the inversion.
• B) did'Did' would place the claim in the past, but the sentence makes a general observation that also applies to the present, and the contrast is with a list that grew for eleven years. The tense needed is the simple present.
• C) does'Seldom' inverts the clause, and 'does' carries the present with the singular subject 'a waiting list': 'seldom does a waiting list get shorter'. The main verb 'get' stays in its base form, as it must after 'does'.
• D) had'Had' would form a past perfect and require the participle 'gotten' or 'got', placing the shortening before another past point. The claim is about lists in general, not about a change completed before a second event.

Respuesta correcta: D) did

• A) had'Had' would form a past perfect and need the participle 'understood', placing the understanding before another past point. The clause reports a single moment of realisation that came after the publication.
• B) was'Was' would form a passive or a copula, and the clinic is the subject that understands, not the thing understood. The inverted clause needs an auxiliary that carries a tense, and only 'did' does so here.
• C) could'Could' would add a sense of ability or possibility, but the sentence asserts that the clinic did come to understand the reason. The contrast is about timing, not about capability.
• D) did'Only when' fronted inverts the main clause, and 'did' carries the past tense: 'only when the sleep study was published did the clinic understand'. The main verb returns to its base form 'understand' because the auxiliary holds the tense.

Respuesta correcta: C) does

• A) do'Do' is the plural auxiliary, but 'a single week' is singular. The emphatic 'single' makes the number unambiguous, and the auxiliary has to agree with it.
• B) did'Did' would put the clause in the past simple, but the sentence reports a pattern that holds generally and is confirmed by audits. A general present pattern takes the simple present under inversion.
• C) does'Rarely' fronted inverts the clause, and 'does' carries the present with the singular subject 'a single week': 'rarely does a single week pass'. The following 'in which' clause modifies the week, not the auxiliary.
• D) had'Had' would form a past perfect and need the participle 'passed'. The clause says a week goes by without a review, which is a recurring present fact, and the perfect would wrongly place it before another past point.

Respuesta correcta: A) The group is focusing on the wrong cause of the problem.

• A) The group is focusing on the wrong cause of the problem.Correct. "Barking up the wrong tree" means looking for an answer in the wrong place; Daniela says the real cause of stress is the belief about the exam, not the lack of breaks.
• B) They are literally looking for something in the trees of the school.Incorrect. This reads the idiom literally; the debate is about stress, and no trees are involved.
• C) The debate has become too noisy and aggressive.Incorrect. "Barking" here does not refer to noise; the idiom is about choosing the wrong target, as her second sentence shows.
• D) Students should relax by spending more time near trees.Incorrect. This takes the image of the tree as a proposal; Daniela talks about students' beliefs, not about nature.

Respuesta correcta: A) Keeping his emotions inside instead of expressing them.

• A) Keeping his emotions inside instead of expressing them.Correct. To "bottle up" feelings is to hide them and not express them; Paula says Sebastián "doesn't talk to anybody", and Nicolás suggests inviting him to talk.
• B) Collecting bottles to remember his grandmother.Incorrect. This is a literal reading of "bottle"; the conversation is about emotions, not objects.
• C) Crying in front of all his friends.Incorrect. Crying in front of others is a way of expressing feelings, the opposite of bottling them up.
• D) Drinking too much to forget his problems.Incorrect. Nothing in the conversation mentions drinking; the phrasal verb refers to hiding emotions.

Respuesta correcta: C) He is slightly ill.

• A) He cannot come because it is raining heavily.Incorrect. "Weather" in this idiom does not refer to the actual weather; Mónica is describing her son's health.
• B) He is very happy and full of energy.Incorrect. A person who needs to stay home to rest is not full of energy; the idiom describes feeling unwell.
• C) He is slightly ill.Correct. "Under the weather" means feeling a little sick; Mónica adds that he is staying home to rest, which is what people do when they feel unwell.
• D) He has a meeting with a weather scientist.Incorrect. This misreads the idiom literally; the reason for his absence is that he feels sick.

Respuesta correcta: A) He is flagging a shared habit in the field and explicitly withholding his own claim of proof.

• A) He is flagging a shared habit in the field and explicitly withholding his own claim of proof.The phrase 'as a rule of thumb, not as a finding' draws a firm line between a pattern he has noticed and evidence he can present. He is naming something common in the discipline while making clear that he is not offering it as demonstrated, which is what the sentence asks.
• B) He is reporting a completed study that proved the point.The final clause explicitly denies that this is a finding. A reported, proven result would be described in the past with a reference to data, and none appears.
• C) He is questioning whether the programmes exist at all.Nothing in the sentence denies that the programmes exist. The objection is to how they are evaluated, and the phrase 'the one variable that flatters them' shows he has studied them closely enough to know their design.
• D) He is insisting that only one variable matters in any evaluation.That inverts the claim. He is criticising programmes for using a single flattering variable, not arguing that single-variable evaluation is correct in general.