Modern History

Respuesta correcta: D) Carrying

• A) CarriedIncorrect. Past participle has a passive meaning.
• B) Having carriedIncorrect. This would mean they carried it before they advanced.
• C) To carryIncorrect. Infinitives don't function as participle clauses here.
• D) CarryingCorrect! Present participle clause (-ing) shows two actions happening at the same time by the same subject.

Respuesta correcta: B) signed

• A) signingIncorrect. This would mean the treaty was doing the signing.
• B) signedCorrect! Past participle clause has a passive meaning, like a reduced relative clause.
• C) having signedIncorrect. Active meaning.
• D) being signedIncorrect. Refers to an action in progress.

Respuesta correcta: B) Having won

• A) WinningIncorrect. This implies he was winning at the same time he started the reforms.
• B) Having wonCorrect! Perfect participle clause (having + past participle) shows one action finished before another.
• C) WonIncorrect. Passive meaning.
• D) To winIncorrect. Infinitives don't show this sequence.

Respuesta correcta: D) Realizing

• A) RealizedIncorrect. Passive meaning.
• B) Having realizedIncorrect. While possible, "Realizing" fits the immediate cause better.
• C) To realizeIncorrect. An infinitive would make the explorers arrive already having realised something, and it cannot express the reason as a cause.
• D) RealizingCorrect! Present participle can show a cause or reason.

Respuesta correcta: B) describing

• A) describedIncorrect. This would mean the documents were described by something else.
• B) describingCorrect! Present participle functions like an active relative clause ("which describe").
• C) having describedIncorrect. Too complex for this context.
• D) to describeIncorrect. An infinitive after a noun needs a subject of its own, so the documents would have to be doing the describing.

Respuesta correcta: C) Located

• A) LocatingIncorrect. "Locating" is active, so it would make the town the one doing the placing of itself at the foot of the mountains.
• B) Having locatedIncorrect. Active meaning.
• C) LocatedCorrect! Past participle shows the passive state or situation.
• D) Being locatedIncorrect. The -ing form marks an action in progress, and the sentence describes a finished situation, not one still happening.

Respuesta correcta: C) Walking through the museum, I saw many beautiful paintings.

• A) Walking through the museum, the paintings were beautiful.Incorrect. This implies the paintings were walking.
• B) Walked through the museum, I saw many paintings.Incorrect. Passive meaning for "walked".
• C) Walking through the museum, I saw many beautiful paintings.Correct! The subject "I" is the one who was walking.
• D) Having walking through the museum, I saw many paintings.Incorrect. "Having" must be followed by a past participle, so the correct form of "walked" would be needed after it.

Respuesta correcta: B) He submitted it only after he had completely finished it.

• A) He submitted it while he was finishing it.Incorrect. "Having finished" places the completion of the report before the submission, not at the same time as it.
• B) He submitted it only after he had completely finished it.Correct! "Having + past participle" emphasizes completion of the first action.
• C) He finished it because he submitted it.Incorrect. The clause gives the reason for submitting, while "having finished" gives the moment of the first action.
• D) He submitted it to help him finish it.Incorrect. That would make the submission come first, and the sentence presents the report as already finished before it was sent.

Respuesta correcta: A) Not having

• A) Not havingCorrect! Negative participle clauses start with "Not" followed by the participle.
• B) Having notIncorrect word order.
• C) Don't havingIncorrect. The negative here belongs to the participle clause, which takes "not", and the auxiliary "do" never appears in that structure.
• D) Not hadIncorrect. A participle clause needs the -ing form, so after "not" the sentence needs "having", and "not had" is a plain verb form.

Respuesta correcta: B) becoming

• A) Growing upIncorrect. This is a correct present participle clause describing when the city changed, so it is not the error.
• B) becomingCorrect! This should be a finite verb (became) because it is the main verb of the sentence.
• C) BuiltIncorrect. This is a correct past participle clause about the location of the factories, so it is not the error.
• D) Having beenIncorrect. This is a correct perfect participle clause, and the fault of the sentence lies in the word that follows it.

Respuesta correcta: A) Defeated in battle, the king went into exile.

• A) Defeated in battle, the king went into exile.Correct! Uses a past participle clause for conciseness.
• B) The king was defeated and then he went into exile.Incorrect. Too simple.
• C) When the king was defeated, he went into exile.Incorrect. The two full clauses joined by "when" are wordier, and a participle clause is the formal compressed form.
• D) The king, who was defeated, went into exile.Incorrect. A relative clause still needs a full subject and verb, so it is no more formal than a participle clause.

Respuesta correcta: B) asking

• A) askedIncorrect. The past participle has no passive meaning here, so the messenger would be doing the asking rather than asking while he travelled.
• B) askingCorrect! Present participle for simultaneous action.
• C) to have askedIncorrect. An infinitive cannot open the second clause of a sentence whose main verb is already in the past.
• D) having askedIncorrect. That would place the asking before the journey and after the understanding, and so it would destroy the simultaneity.