Connectors Discourse Markers

Respuesta correcta: B) However

• A) For instance'For instance' introduces an example that supports the previous statement.
• B) However'However' is a contrastive connector and it signals that the second idea differs from the first.
• C) Therefore'Therefore' introduces a consequence, which is the opposite of a contrast.
• D) In addition'In addition' adds extra information of the same kind rather than opposing it.

Respuesta correcta: C) As a result

• A) Similarly'Similarly' shows that two things are alike, which is not the relation between rainfall and reservoirs.
• B) In short'In short' introduces a summary of everything said so far.
• C) As a result'As a result' introduces a consequence, which is exactly the relation the paragraph describes.
• D) On the other hand'On the other hand' introduces a contrast, which does not match a cause and its effect.

Respuesta correcta: B) In addition

• A) On the contrary'On the contrary' rejects the previous statement entirely, which is the opposite of what happens here.
• B) In addition'In addition' introduces a second supporting point, and cheap fares and less traffic reinforce the same argument.
• C) Nevertheless'Nevertheless' introduces a concession, which would work against the previous statement.
• D) Otherwise'Otherwise' introduces a condition, which requires an 'if' clause to be meaningful.

Respuesta correcta: A) As a consequence

• A) As a consequence'As a consequence' links the delay to the later problem and makes clear which event produced which.
• B) For example'For example' introduces an illustration, and the second statement is not an illustration of the delay.
• C) In other words'In other words' restates the previous idea in different terms, which is not the relation here.
• D) On the contrary'On the contrary' would claim that missing the presentation disproves the delay, which is not the intended meaning.

Respuesta correcta: D) that is to say

• A) in spite of'In spite of' introduces a contrast with an unexpected fact.
• B) on the contrary'On the contrary' denies the previous statement.
• C) at the same time'At the same time' shows that two events coincide, which is not a defining relation.
• D) that is to say'That is to say' restates a term in other words and is the standard signal for a definition.

Respuesta correcta: B) Although the sample was small, the results were consistent with earlier studies.

• A) The sample was so small that the results were consistent with earlier studies.'So' turns the limitation into a cause of the result, which reverses the argument of the report.
• B) Although the sample was small, the results were consistent with earlier studies.'Although' introduces a concession: the limitation is stated and then the main point of the sentence still holds.
• C) Because the sample was small, the results were consistent with earlier studies.'Because' would make the small sample the cause of the consistency, which inverts the intended relation.
• D) The sample was small, for example, and the results were consistent.'For example' would make the sample an illustration, but the two statements are logically opposed.

Respuesta correcta: C) and

• A) nevertheless'Nevertheless' introduces a concession, which would require the second clause to oppose the first.
• B) because of which'Because of which' is not a standard connector in English and cannot join two clauses here.
• C) andA simple 'and' joins two events in sequence, which fits a narrative in which one trip led to an unexpected week.
• D) whereas'Whereas' introduces a contrast, and nothing in the sentence opposes the trip to the extended stay.

Respuesta correcta: A) Moreover

• A) Moreover'Moreover' adds a further argument in favour of buses, which supports the paragraph's position.
• B) Instead'Instead' presents an alternative to what was said, which contradicts the additive flow of the paragraph.
• C) Yet'Yet' introduces a concession or contrast, which would oppose the price argument.
• D) Otherwise'Otherwise' introduces a negative condition, so it cannot follow an affirmative statement in this way.

Respuesta correcta: A) Nevertheless

• A) Nevertheless'Nevertheless' introduces a concession that limits the criticism while still acknowledging a contribution.
• B) As a result'As a result' would make the review a consequence of the absence of data.
• C) For instance'For instance' would present the review as an example of something mentioned earlier.
• D) In other words'In other words' would restate the criticism in different words, which it does not.

Respuesta correcta: D) It refers to the part of the course being described

• A) It introduces a contrast with a previous topicA contrast would need a connector such as 'however' or 'in contrast', and none appears.
• B) It introduces an example of a general pointAn example requires a noun that illustrates the point, such as 'for example, a short text'.
• C) It concludes a summary of the whole courseA conclusion would summarise previous content, while this sentence opens the unit.
• D) It refers to the part of the course being describedA reference phrase points to the specific section the lecture is describing, which is the opening move of a unit.

Respuesta correcta: D) The farms lost their water source due to the drying of the river.

• A) The farms lost their water source due of the drying of the river.The preposition after 'due' is 'to', never 'of'.
• B) The farms lost their water source due to drying the river.A bare gerund after 'due to' would name an activity rather than a cause presented as a noun.
• C) The farms lost their water source due the drying of the river.Without the preposition the phrase has no grammatical role in the sentence.
• D) The farms lost their water source due to the drying of the river.'Due to' is followed by a noun phrase, and 'the drying of the river' is exactly that.

Respuesta correcta: C) Consequently

• A) For example'For example' would present the second statement as an illustration of the first.
• B) As a result of whichNo such phrase exists in English; the standard alternatives are 'consequently' or 'as a result'.
• C) Consequently'Consequently' links two events in a chain of cause and effect, which matches the paragraph.
• D) In contrast'In contrast' would oppose the two statements, and both are part of the same development.

Respuesta correcta: C) To sum up

• A) For example'For example' introduces an illustration, not a summary.
• B) In other words'In other words' restates the previous sentence, which is not the same as summarising a whole presentation.
• C) To sum up'To sum up' is the standard phrase used to introduce a conclusion that gathers the main points.
• D) On the other hand'On the other hand' introduces a contrast and belongs in the middle of an argument.

Respuesta correcta: B) To apologise for breaking into someone else's turn at talk

• A) To announce that the speaker will now leaveAnnouncing a departure uses 'I have to leave' or 'I should go', and an apology is not part of it.
• B) To apologise for breaking into someone else's turn at talkThe expression acknowledges that the speaker has taken the floor unexpectedly, which is what interrupting does.
• C) To end the conversationEnding the conversation would be expressed by a clear closing formula, not by this phrase.
• D) To express agreement with the speakerAgreement is expressed by words such as 'exactly' or 'that is right', with no apology involved.

Respuesta correcta: B) Concession, since the second clause limits the first

• A) Summary, since the second clause gathers the paragraphNothing is being gathered or summarised, so a summary marker would be inappropriate.
• B) Concession, since the second clause limits the firstThe second clause reduces the strength asserted in the first, which is the definition of a concession.
• C) Cause, since the first clause produces the secondA causal reading would require the thin evidence to be the cause of the strong argument, which is reversed.
• D) Example, since the second clause illustrates the firstThe second clause does not illustrate the argument; it qualifies it.

Respuesta correcta: D) Taken together, these problems call for a change in how tourism is planned.

• A) For example, tourists often ignore local rules.'For example' adds an illustration, so the sentence extends the essay instead of closing it.
• B) On the other hand, some regions receive very few visitors.'On the other hand' introduces a contrast, which would open a new argument rather than end the essay.
• C) In other words, tourism needs a different plan.'In other words' restates a single preceding idea and cannot synthesise two separate arguments.
• D) Taken together, these problems call for a change in how tourism is planned.'Taken together' explicitly gathers the points made and 'call for' draws a conclusion from them.

Respuesta correcta: D) yet

• A) moreover'Moreover' is a formal adverb that sounds academic when used in a casual exchange.
• B) consequently'Consequently' is also a formal connective and would raise the register above the conversation.
• C) that is to say'That is to say' introduces a definition or restatement, which is not the relation between the two turns.
• D) yet'Yet' works well in speech because it introduces a concession in a single short word.

Respuesta correcta: A) Explicit cohesion between the parts of the paragraph

• A) Explicit cohesion between the parts of the paragraphNaming or pronoun reference at the start of each sentence makes the relations between sentences explicit, which is cohesion.
• B) A stronger argument about the topicCohesion improves readability and does not by itself strengthen the claim being made.
• C) More specialist vocabulary from the subject areaSignalling relations requires no specialist vocabulary; ordinary nouns and pronouns are enough.
• D) A change in the tense used throughout the paragraphThe tense is a property of the verb forms and is unaffected by adding reference expressions.

Respuesta correcta: A) One important factor deserves closer attention:

• A) One important factor deserves closer attention:The colon introduces a statement that develops the previous sentence explicitly.
• B) Anyway'Anyway' is a spoken filler that adds no relation between sentences.
• C) Well'Well' is a conversational opener and has no place in written academic prose.
• D) You see'You see' addresses the listener and would not appear in a formal text.

Respuesta correcta: C) The marker promises a summary that the paragraph does not deliver

• A) The marker should be placed at the beginning of the paragraphMoving the phrase to the beginning would not fix a paragraph that contains no summary.
• B) The marker is correct and should appear only once per chapterFrequency is not the issue; a single incorrect use is already misleading.
• C) The marker promises a summary that the paragraph does not deliver'To sum up' signals a synthesis of the whole paragraph, so using it where there is no synthesis misleads the reader.
• D) The marker is too informal for academic writingThe phrase is a standard formal marker and its register is not the problem.