A non-defining clause, which takes a comma and never that.
My sister, ___ lives in Spain, is visiting us next week.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: A)who
💡 Explicación
A non-defining clause adds extra information about an already identified person or thing. It is separated by commas and uses who, whom, whose or which, never that.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: A)who
A)whoCorrect! A non-defining clause uses who for a person and is set off by commas.
B)thatThat is not used in a non-defining clause, because a restrictive meaning is what that always carries.
C)whichWhich refers to things, and the antecedent is my sister.
D)whatWhat cannot be used with a preceding noun as an antecedent.
💡 Explicación
A non-defining clause adds extra information about an already identified person or thing. It is separated by commas and uses who, whom, whose or which, never that.
Pregunta 2
Pregunta 2 · D3Bloom: Apply
A non-defining clause with a possessive pronoun.
Maria, ___ brother works in Madrid, is a dentist.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: B)whose
💡 Explicación
Whose works in both defining and non-defining clauses. In the non-defining form it simply adds a piece of extra information about the person named.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: B)whose
A)whoWho would be the subject of the clause, but the clause has no verb of its own.
B)whoseCorrect! Whose expresses the relationship between Maria and her brother inside a non-defining clause.
C)thatThat cannot introduce a non-defining clause and would wrongly restrict the name Maria.
D)whichWhich cannot refer to a person, and the antecedent is Maria.
💡 Explicación
Whose works in both defining and non-defining clauses. In the non-defining form it simply adds a piece of extra information about the person named.
Pregunta 3
Pregunta 3 · D3Bloom: Apply
A non-defining clause about a thing.
The novel, ___ was published in 1994, is taught in schools.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: C)which
💡 Explicación
The comma is what makes a clause non-defining. Which is the standard pronoun for a thing in that position, and that is excluded.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: C)which
A)thatThat is reserved for defining clauses and would wrongly restrict which novel is meant.
B)whatWhat cannot be preceded by a noun antecedent.
C)whichCorrect! Which is the pronoun used for things in a non-defining clause, with the comma marking it as extra information.
D)whoWho refers to people, and the antecedent is the novel.
💡 Explicación
The comma is what makes a clause non-defining. Which is the standard pronoun for a thing in that position, and that is excluded.
Pregunta 4
Pregunta 4 · D3Bloom: Apply
A non-defining clause added to a whole clause rather than a noun.
She passed the exam, ___ surprised everybody in the room.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: D)which
💡 Explicación
A non-defining which can refer back to a whole clause rather than to a single noun. It then adds a comment about the entire statement.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: D)which
A)itIt has no antecedent, and the whole preceding clause has not been turned into a noun.
B)thisThis cannot introduce a relative clause, and it has no clear antecedent here.
C)thatThat is used for defining clauses and would restrict the meaning in a way the comma denies.
D)whichCorrect! Which can stand for an entire clause in a non-defining position, and the comma marks the extra comment.
💡 Explicación
A non-defining which can refer back to a whole clause rather than to a single noun. It then adds a comment about the entire statement.
Pregunta 5
Pregunta 5 · D3Bloom: Apply
A non-defining clause with a preposition at the end.
The teacher, ___ we spoke to yesterday, is leaving the school.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: A)whom
💡 Explicación
When a non-defining clause ends in a preposition, whom is the correct pronoun in formal English. In everyday speech the clause is often avoided altogether.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: A)whom
A)whomCorrect! The formal object pronoun is the right form after a preposition that closes a non-defining clause.
B)whoWho would leave the clause without an object, because spoke needs one before to.
C)to whoIn English the preposition stays at the end of the clause, and to who is not a possible order.
D)thatThat is excluded from non-defining clauses altogether.
💡 Explicación
When a non-defining clause ends in a preposition, whom is the correct pronoun in formal English. In everyday speech the clause is often avoided altogether.
Pregunta 6
Pregunta 6 · D3Bloom: Apply
A non-defining clause about a person, with the pronoun as object.
Dr. Reyes, ___ I met at the conference, is an expert on volcanoes.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: B)whom
💡 Explicación
Whom is the object form of who and is used in formal English, particularly after a preposition. In everyday speech who is often used loosely, but that is not correct for an object.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: B)whom
A)whoWho cannot be an object, and met needs an object in this sentence.
B)whomCorrect! The pronoun is the object of met, and the formal form is whom.
C)whichWhich cannot refer to a person.
D)thatThat is not available in a non-defining clause, and whom is the correct register here.
💡 Explicación
Whom is the object form of who and is used in formal English, particularly after a preposition. In everyday speech who is often used loosely, but that is not correct for an object.
Pregunta 7
Pregunta 7 · D3Bloom: Apply
A non-defining clause with a past participle, which is not possible with the comma form.
The results, ___ by the review board, will be published in June.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: C)approved
💡 Explicación
Only defining clauses can be reduced to a participle. A non-defining clause keeps its full structure, because the information it adds is not essential to the noun.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: C)approved
A)that approvedA reduced clause drops the pronoun, and that is in any case not used non-definingly.
B)which approvedWhich approved would put the results in the subject position of the clause, which is wrong.
C)approvedCorrect! A non-defining clause is never reduced, so the participle appears with the full pronoun.
D)being approvedBeing belongs to continuous passives and cannot serve as a reduced relative pronoun here.
💡 Explicación
Only defining clauses can be reduced to a participle. A non-defining clause keeps its full structure, because the information it adds is not essential to the noun.
Pregunta 8
Pregunta 8 · D3Bloom: Apply
A non-defining clause about a place, formal version.
Her parents, ___ in Choluteca, visit her every summer.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: D)live
💡 Explicación
In non-defining clauses about place or time, English frequently omits the pronoun altogether and just keeps the verb. This is the ordinary conversational pattern.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: D)live
A)which liveWhich would refer to a thing rather than to a person, and it is a clumsy solution here.
B)whereWhere replaces a place preposition, but the verb live already stands in the clause and does not need one.
C)whoWho would need a verb after it, and the verb is already present.
D)liveCorrect! In everyday English a clause about a place is often written with the verb and no relative pronoun at all.
💡 Explicación
In non-defining clauses about place or time, English frequently omits the pronoun altogether and just keeps the verb. This is the ordinary conversational pattern.
Pregunta 9
Pregunta 9 · D3Bloom: Apply
A non-defining clause with a possessive pronoun about an organisation.
The company, ___ factory is in Choluteca, employs four hundred people.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: A)whose
💡 Explicación
Whose expresses possession and works with people, places and organisations. The noun it modifies follows it directly, with no article or determiner in between.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: A)whose
A)whoseCorrect! Whose links the company to the factory as its possessor, and it is the right pronoun here.
B)whoWho would be the subject of a verb, and the clause has no verb of its own.
C)thatThat is not used in a non-defining clause and would wrongly restrict which company is meant.
D)whichWhich cannot express possession, and the relationship is that of owner to owned.
💡 Explicación
Whose expresses possession and works with people, places and organisations. The noun it modifies follows it directly, with no article or determiner in between.
Pregunta 10
Pregunta 10 · D4Bloom: Apply
A non-defining clause in a question.
Who is the author of the book, ___ won the prize?
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: B)which
💡 Explicación
A non-defining which can follow a whole clause in a question as well as a statement. The extra information is what the question is really asking about.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: B)which
A)thatThat cannot be used non-definingly, and it would restrict the noun to one particular book.
B)whichCorrect! Which refers back to the whole preceding clause, and the comma marks it as extra information.
C)whatWhat cannot be used after a clause has already been completed with its own question word.
D)itIt has no antecedent, because the preceding words form a clause and not a noun.
💡 Explicación
A non-defining which can follow a whole clause in a question as well as a statement. The extra information is what the question is really asking about.
Pregunta 11
Pregunta 11 · D3Bloom: Apply
A non-defining clause that could be misunderstood without the comma.
My brother, ___ is a lawyer, is visiting us.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: C)who
💡 Explicación
A clause about the same person as the main clause is the case where the comma matters most. Without it, the reader might think the two mentions referred to different people.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: C)who
A)whatWhat cannot be used with a preceding noun as an antecedent.
B)whomWhom is the object form and would leave the clause without a subject.
C)whoCorrect! Who is the subject of the clause, and the commas show that the information is extra.
D)whereWhere replaces a place preposition, and is a lawyer is not a place.
💡 Explicación
A clause about the same person as the main clause is the case where the comma matters most. Without it, the reader might think the two mentions referred to different people.
Pregunta 12
Pregunta 12 · D3Bloom: Apply
A non-defining clause about a thing with a possessive.
The car, ___ engine overheated, needed repairs.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: D)whose
💡 Explicación
Whose applies to inanimate as well as animate antecedents. The car whose engine overheated shows ownership rather than identity.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: D)whose
A)whichWhich would refer to a thing, and the antecedent the car is a thing, but it cannot express the possessive relationship.
B)whatWhat cannot be preceded by a noun antecedent.
C)whoWho refers to people, and the antecedent is the car.
D)whoseCorrect! The engine belongs to the car, and whose is the pronoun that expresses that link.
💡 Explicación
Whose applies to inanimate as well as animate antecedents. The car whose engine overheated shows ownership rather than identity.
Pregunta 13
Pregunta 13 · D3Bloom: Apply
A non-defining clause with a modal that does not change.
The director, ___ can pay for the trip, refused to sign it.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: A)can
💡 Explicación
A modal is the same whatever the clause does. A non-defining clause with a modal keeps the modal exactly as it appears in the direct statement.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: A)can
A)canCorrect! Modal verbs keep their form in any relative clause, defining or not.
B)couldCould would be the reported form, and this clause is not inside a reported statement.
C)willA future form would change the meaning from present ability to a future possibility.
D)mustMust would express a deduction or an obligation, and the original is a plain claim about ability.
💡 Explicación
A modal is the same whatever the clause does. A non-defining clause with a modal keeps the modal exactly as it appears in the direct statement.
Pregunta 14
Pregunta 14 · D4Bloom: Apply
A non-defining clause in a sentence with a past perfect.
The witnesses, ___ the police, gave a detailed description.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: B)whom
💡 Explicación
One of the clearest uses of whom is a non-defining clause ending in a preposition, because there is no other way to express the object formally.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: B)whom
A)whichWhich refers to things, and the antecedent is the witnesses.
B)whomCorrect! The formal object pronoun after a comma is the correct form for a non-defining object clause.
C)whoWho cannot be an object, and the preposition the police needs a direct object.
D)thatThat is excluded from non-defining clauses.
💡 Explicación
One of the clearest uses of whom is a non-defining clause ending in a preposition, because there is no other way to express the object formally.
Pregunta 15
Pregunta 15 · D3Bloom: Apply
A non-defining clause attached to a place name.
San Pedro Sula, ___ I was born, has grown very fast.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: C)where
💡 Explicación
In a non-defining clause about a place, where is the natural choice because the clause has its own subject and verb. In which is the formal alternative.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: C)where
A)whichWhich would refer to a thing and cannot replace a place preposition with a full verb clause.
B)thatThat cannot replace a preposition, and the clause has its own verb.
C)whereCorrect! Where replaces in which and the clause then has its own subject I and verb was born.
D)whatWhat cannot be used with a proper noun as an antecedent.
💡 Explicación
In a non-defining clause about a place, where is the natural choice because the clause has its own subject and verb. In which is the formal alternative.
Pregunta 16
Pregunta 16 · D3Bloom: Apply
A non-defining clause about a whole clause with a negative.
He missed the last bus, ___ meant he had to walk home.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: D)which
💡 Explicación
A whole-clause which is a standard way of adding a comment. The comma is essential, because without it the reader would expect a noun to follow.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: D)which
A)itIt has no antecedent, because the preceding words are a clause rather than a noun.
B)thatThat would restrict the bus and is not available in a non-defining clause.
C)thisThis cannot introduce a relative clause at all.
D)whichCorrect! The non-defining which refers to the whole clause and the comma marks the consequence as extra.
💡 Explicación
A whole-clause which is a standard way of adding a comment. The comma is essential, because without it the reader would expect a noun to follow.
Pregunta 17
Pregunta 17 · D3Bloom: Apply
A non-defining clause with a possessive pronoun about a university.
The university, ___ students live on campus, has a new library.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: A)whose
💡 Explicación
Whose is not limited to people. Institutions, objects and places all take whose when the relationship is one of belonging or ownership.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: A)whose
A)whoseCorrect! Whose links the university to its students, and it works with organisations.
B)whichWhich could refer to the university, but it cannot connect the university to its students in a possessive way.
C)whoWho refers to people, and the antecedent is the university.
D)whatWhat cannot be used after a noun antecedent.
💡 Explicación
Whose is not limited to people. Institutions, objects and places all take whose when the relationship is one of belonging or ownership.
Pregunta 18
Pregunta 18 · D4Bloom: Apply
A non-defining clause reported in the past.
"She lives in France, ___ speaks four languages," he said. He said that she lived in France, ___ spoke four languages.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: B)lived ... spoke
💡 Explicación
Backshift applies inside a non-defining clause exactly as it does in the main one. Each verb moves one step back independently of the other.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: B)lived ... spoke
A)lives ... speaksKeeping the present would require a present reporting verb, and he said is in the past.
B)lived ... spokeCorrect! Both present simple verbs backshift to the past simple, and the non-defining clause keeps its pronoun.
C)had lived ... had spokenA past perfect would backshift twice, and present simple only takes one step back.
D)lives ... had spokenThe first clause is not shifted at all, which leaves the two clauses in inconsistent tenses.
💡 Explicación
Backshift applies inside a non-defining clause exactly as it does in the main one. Each verb moves one step back independently of the other.
Pregunta 19
Pregunta 19 · D3Bloom: Apply
A non-defining clause about a thing with a verb of its own.
The report, ___ three committees reviewed, will be published next week.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: C)which
💡 Explicación
A non-defining clause can hold a complete passive structure of its own, with its own subject, verb and by phrase.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: C)which
A)thatThat is not used in a non-defining clause and would wrongly restrict the report.
B)whomWhom is the object form, and three committees is the subject of the clause here.
C)whichCorrect! Which is the subject of the clause, which has its own passive verb and agent.
D)whoseWhose expresses possession, and the relationship here is that of agent to action.
💡 Explicación
A non-defining clause can hold a complete passive structure of its own, with its own subject, verb and by phrase.
Pregunta 20
Pregunta 20 · D4Bloom: Apply
Two non-defining clauses attached to the same noun.
My aunt, ___ is a doctor, ___ teaches at the local clinic, is coming to visit.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: D)who ... who
💡 Explicación
Each non-defining clause is independent and repeats its own pronoun. The commas around them tell the reader where one extra piece of information ends and the next begins.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: D)who ... who
A)who ... thatThat cannot introduce a non-defining clause, and the mixed usage would break the parallel structure.
B)which ... whoWhich cannot refer to the person who is the antecedent of the first clause.
C)who ... and whoJoining the clauses with and would produce a different structure, and the two commas would no longer mark separate clauses.
D)who ... whoCorrect! Each non-defining clause repeats the full pronoun, and each is separated by its own comma.
💡 Explicación
Each non-defining clause is independent and repeats its own pronoun. The commas around them tell the reader where one extra piece of information ends and the next begins.
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