A present participle phrase at the start of a sentence.
___ the tickets online, you avoid the long queue at the counter.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: A)Booking
💡 Explicación
A present participle phrase shows an action happening at the same time as the main verb. Having plus a past participle is the form for an earlier action.
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Respuesta correcta: A)Booking
A)BookingCorrect! An active action happening at the same time as the main verb takes the present participle.
B)BookedA past participle would show the booking as complete before the main verb, and both actions are simultaneous.
C)To bookAn infinitive would express purpose, and the sentence is describing two simultaneous actions.
D)Having bookedA perfect participle would put the booking first, which reverses the order of the two events.
💡 Explicación
A present participle phrase shows an action happening at the same time as the main verb. Having plus a past participle is the form for an earlier action.
Pregunta 2
Pregunta 2 · D3Bloom: Apply
A perfect participle phrase, where the first action is earlier.
___ the report, she went home early.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: B)Having finished
💡 Explicación
The order of the two events decides the participle. Simultaneous actions take the present participle, and an action completed first takes having plus the past participle.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: B)Having finished
A)FinishingThe present participle would place the two actions at the same time, and going home clearly came second.
B)Having finishedCorrect! Having plus a past participle shows that finishing came before going home.
C)FinishedA past participle without having would be a reduced passive relative clause, which is a different structure.
D)To finishAn infinitive expresses purpose and would need a subject of its own to work here.
💡 Explicación
The order of the two events decides the participle. Simultaneous actions take the present participle, and an action completed first takes having plus the past participle.
Pregunta 3
Pregunta 3 · D3Bloom: Apply
A passive participle phrase, where the subject receives the action.
___ by the storm, the old tree fell across the road.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: C)Damaged
💡 Explicación
A past participle with a by phrase reduces a passive relative clause. Damaged by the storm tells us what happened to the tree without repeating the relative pronoun.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: C)Damaged
A)DamagingThe -ing form would make the tree the agent of the damaging, which is not the meaning.
B)Having damagedA perfect participle would make the tree the agent of the action rather than the patient.
C)DamagedCorrect! A past participle with by forms a reduced passive relative clause describing the tree.
D)To damageAn infinitive cannot begin a participle phrase in this position.
💡 Explicación
A past participle with a by phrase reduces a passive relative clause. Damaged by the storm tells us what happened to the tree without repeating the relative pronoun.
Pregunta 4
Pregunta 4 · D4Bloom: Apply
The two participles of the verb break, which are both irregular.
He was ___ in the middle of the sentence when the phone rang.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: D)breaking
💡 Explicación
Break keeps the e in the present participle, as do write, take, drive and come. The internal vowel rule is the reason those participles look irregular.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: D)breaking
A)breakingedBreak is irregular and has no -ed form in the present participle.
B)brokeBroke is the past simple and cannot follow the auxiliary was as a participle.
C)brokenBroken is the past participle and would need have or been rather than was.
D)breakingCorrect! The present participle of break is breaking, with the internal e preserved.
💡 Explicación
Break keeps the e in the present participle, as do write, take, drive and come. The internal vowel rule is the reason those participles look irregular.
Pregunta 5
Pregunta 5 · D3Bloom: Apply
A participle phrase that follows the subject, which changes the emphasis.
The train, ___ at 6 a.m., arrives before noon.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: A)leaving
💡 Explicación
A participle phrase can stand after the subject as well as before it. Placing it after the subject keeps the main subject nearer the beginning of the sentence.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: A)leaving
A)leavingCorrect! A present participle after the subject adds descriptive information about the train's schedule.
B)leftA past participle would describe the train as the one that left, and it has not left yet.
C)having leftA perfect participle would place the departure before the arrival, which is not the schedule.
D)to leaveAn infinitive after the subject would make the sentence ungrammatical in this position.
💡 Explicación
A participle phrase can stand after the subject as well as before it. Placing it after the subject keeps the main subject nearer the beginning of the sentence.
Pregunta 6
Pregunta 6 · D3Bloom: Apply
A participle phrase in a passive sentence, reduced.
The results ___ by the committee at three o'clock will be posted online.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: B)approved
💡 Explicación
The results approved is a reduced relative clause. The committee did the approving, and the results received it, so the passive participle is required.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: B)approved
A)that approvedA reduced clause drops the relative pronoun, and the full form would be results that were approved.
B)approvedCorrect! A past participle reduces a passive relative clause, so the results are what was approved.
C)are approvedA reduced clause has no auxiliary, because the main verb will be posted already carries the tense.
D)approvingThe -ing form would make the results the agent of the approving, which is not what happens.
💡 Explicación
The results approved is a reduced relative clause. The committee did the approving, and the results received it, so the passive participle is required.
Pregunta 7
Pregunta 7 · D3Bloom: Apply
Two participles with different auxiliaries in the same sentence.
The letter ___ by the secretary and ___ by the director yesterday.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: C)was ... was
💡 Explicación
Each participle phrase carries its own auxiliary. When two of them share the same tense, the auxiliary has to be written out for each one.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: C)was ... was
A)is ... isA present passive would place both actions now, and yesterday is in the past.
B)has ... hasA present perfect would leave the actions inside the present period, and yesterday closes them.
C)was ... wasCorrect! Two past passive actions need the auxiliary was twice, and yesterday makes the past tense certain.
D)being ... beingBeing belongs to continuous passives, and the actions are not described as running in parallel.
💡 Explicación
Each participle phrase carries its own auxiliary. When two of them share the same tense, the auxiliary has to be written out for each one.
Pregunta 8
Pregunta 8 · D4Bloom: Apply
A present participle used for an action happening over a long period.
He has been ___ in the same job for fifteen years.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: D)working
💡 Explicación
The present perfect continuous is have plus been plus -ing. The past participle has no place in that structure because the auxiliary is already there.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: D)working
A)workedA past participle with have been is not a valid form, because been already carries the auxiliary.
B)to workAn infinitive cannot follow the auxiliary been in a continuous structure.
C)working inThe in belongs with the preposition in the following clause, not with the participle itself.
D)workingCorrect! The present perfect continuous uses have plus been plus the present participle.
💡 Explicación
The present perfect continuous is have plus been plus -ing. The past participle has no place in that structure because the auxiliary is already there.
Pregunta 9
Pregunta 9 · D3Bloom: Apply
A participle phrase expressing the reason for an action.
___ in the rain, we had to stop the match.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: A)Getting
💡 Explicación
A participle phrase at the start of a sentence can supply the reason, the condition or the time. Its logical relationship to the main clause comes from the situation, not from a conjunction.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: A)Getting
A)GettingCorrect! A present participle phrase at the start of a sentence can express the cause of the main clause.
B)GotA past participle would describe the match as the one getting wet, but the players are in the rain.
C)To getAn infinitive phrase cannot begin a sentence as a participle clause.
D)Having gotA perfect participle would suggest the two are in a fixed order, and here they happen together.
💡 Explicación
A participle phrase at the start of a sentence can supply the reason, the condition or the time. Its logical relationship to the main clause comes from the situation, not from a conjunction.
Pregunta 10
Pregunta 10 · D3Bloom: Apply
A participle of a verb that ends in an e.
She is ___ a cup of tea and reading the newspaper.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: B)drinking
💡 Explicación
Verbs ending in a silent e keep that e before -ing. Drink becomes drinking, and the same rule applies to write, take, make and come.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: B)drinking
A)drinkedDrink is irregular and has no -ed form in the present participle.
B)drinkingCorrect! Drink keeps the e in the present participle, so the form is drinking.
C)drankDrank is the past simple and cannot follow the auxiliary is as a participle.
D)drunkDrunk is the past participle and would need have or been rather than is.
💡 Explicación
Verbs ending in a silent e keep that e before -ing. Drink becomes drinking, and the same rule applies to write, take, make and come.
Pregunta 11
Pregunta 11 · D3Bloom: Apply
A participle phrase describing a person, in a reduced relative clause.
The woman ___ at the desk is the new principal.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: C)working
💡 Explicación
An active reduced clause uses the -ing form and a passive one uses the past participle. Neither keeps the relative pronoun or the auxiliary.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: C)working
A)was workingA reduced clause has no auxiliary, because the main verb of the sentence already carries the tense.
B)workedA past participle would describe a passive clause, and the woman is working rather than being worked.
C)workingCorrect! An active reduced relative clause takes the present participle, and the woman is the one working.
D)that workingA reduced clause drops the relative pronoun, so that cannot stay in front of the participle.
💡 Explicación
An active reduced clause uses the -ing form and a passive one uses the past participle. Neither keeps the relative pronoun or the auxiliary.
Pregunta 12
Pregunta 12 · D3Bloom: Apply
A participle in a sentence about a duration.
She has been ___ in the hospital for a week.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: D)recovering
💡 Explicación
For plus a duration with have been plus -ing is the present perfect continuous. The -ing form is compulsory in that structure.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: D)recovering
A)recoverA base form cannot follow the auxiliary been in a continuous structure.
B)recoveredA past participle would give have been recovered, which describes something done to her.
C)to recoverAn infinitive has no place between been and the main verb of the sentence.
D)recoveringCorrect! The present perfect continuous is have plus been plus the present participle.
💡 Explicación
For plus a duration with have been plus -ing is the present perfect continuous. The -ing form is compulsory in that structure.
Pregunta 13
Pregunta 13 · D4Bloom: Apply
The past participle of a verb ending in a consonant plus y.
The film ___ by a small studio was a surprise success.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: A)made
💡 Explicación
Irregular participles must be learned rather than worked out. Make, wrote and done are the ones most often confused with a regular -ed form.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: A)made
A)madeCorrect! Make is irregular and its past participle is made, with no change to the stem.
B)makedMaked is not a form of make, which is irregular in the past.
C)makingThe -ing form would reduce an active clause, and the film was the thing produced rather than the producer.
D)did madeDid cannot precede a past participle, because the auxiliary and the participle are alternatives.
💡 Explicación
Irregular participles must be learned rather than worked out. Make, wrote and done are the ones most often confused with a regular -ed form.
Pregunta 14
Pregunta 14 · D3Bloom: Apply
A participle phrase in a sentence with two past actions.
___ the interview, the candidate left the building.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: B)After having
💡 Explicación
After having plus a past participle is a common way of showing sequence. After plus a present participle would suggest the two actions overlap instead.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: B)After having
A)After takingA present participle after after would show the two actions at the same time, which is not what happened.
B)After havingCorrect! Having plus a past participle shows the interview finished before the leaving.
C)Being takenBeing would make the candidate the agent of the taking, and after being taken is not a natural sequence here.
D)To haveAn infinitive cannot open a participle clause after a preposition in this structure.
💡 Explicación
After having plus a past participle is a common way of showing sequence. After plus a present participle would suggest the two actions overlap instead.
Pregunta 15
Pregunta 15 · D3Bloom: Apply
A passive participle with a by phrase in the middle of a sentence.
The bridge, ___ in 1960, is still in daily use.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: C)built
💡 Explicación
A reduced passive clause is a past participle plus an optional by phrase. It compresses a whole relative clause into a single phrase.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: C)built
A)buildingThe -ing form would make the bridge the agent of the building, which is not the case.
B)was builtA reduced clause has no auxiliary, because the main verb of the sentence already carries the tense.
C)builtCorrect! A past participle with a by phrase reduces a passive relative clause.
D)that builtA reduced clause drops the relative pronoun, and the full form would be which was built.
💡 Explicación
A reduced passive clause is a past participle plus an optional by phrase. It compresses a whole relative clause into a single phrase.
Pregunta 16
Pregunta 16 · D3Bloom: Apply
A participle phrase in a future sentence.
___ tomorrow morning, the new bus service will begin operating.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: D)Starting
💡 Explicación
Participle phrases are not tied to the present tense. A present participle can describe an action that is simultaneous with a future main verb.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: D)Starting
A)StartedA past participle would suggest the start is already complete, and the service has not begun.
B)Having startedA perfect participle would place the start before the service begins, and the moment the question refers to has not arrived.
C)To startAn infinitive phrase cannot open a participle clause in this position.
D)StartingCorrect! A present participle can be used with a future reference, and the two actions are simultaneous in the future.
💡 Explicación
Participle phrases are not tied to the present tense. A present participle can describe an action that is simultaneous with a future main verb.
Pregunta 17
Pregunta 17 · D4Bloom: Apply
A participle phrase where the action is clearly earlier than the main verb.
___ from the airport, they went straight to the hotel.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: A)Arriving
💡 Explicación
Arriving and having arriving are both possible, and the choice depends on how strictly the order is being emphasised. With a short clause like this, the present participle reads more naturally.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: A)Arriving
A)ArrivingCorrect! The present participle works here because both actions belong to the same moment of the story.
B)Having arrivedA perfect participle would emphasise the order strictly, and here the two actions are reported together.
C)ArrivedA bare past participle would be a reduced passive clause, and they are the ones arriving rather than being arrived.
D)To arriveAn infinitive cannot open a participle clause.
💡 Explicación
Arriving and having arriving are both possible, and the choice depends on how strictly the order is being emphasised. With a short clause like this, the present participle reads more naturally.
Pregunta 18
Pregunta 18 · D3Bloom: Apply
A participle phrase in a negative sentence.
Not ___ the tickets in advance, they had to queue for hours.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: B)having bought
💡 Explicación
A negative participle phrase is formed by putting not in front of the whole phrase. Not having bought and not buying are both available, with different shades of meaning.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: B)having bought
A)buyA base form cannot follow not in a participle phrase.
B)having boughtCorrect! Not plus having plus a past participle gives a negative perfect participle phrase.
C)boughtA past participle after not would need having in front of it to form a perfect participle.
D)to buyAn infinitive has no place in a negative participle phrase.
💡 Explicación
A negative participle phrase is formed by putting not in front of the whole phrase. Not having bought and not buying are both available, with different shades of meaning.
Pregunta 19
Pregunta 19 · D3Bloom: Apply
A participle phrase in a question.
___ the results, will the team travel to the final?
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: C)Having seen
💡 Explicación
Participle phrases are not restricted to declarative sentences. They can open questions as well, and the -ing or having choice follows the same order rule.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: C)Having seen
A)Having sawSee is irregular and its past participle is seen, not saw.
B)SeeingA present participle would place the two actions at the same moment, and the results come first.
C)Having seenCorrect! A perfect participle phrase can open a question and shows the results were examined first.
D)SeenA bare past participle would be a reduced passive clause, and the team is the one seeing the results.
💡 Explicación
Participle phrases are not restricted to declarative sentences. They can open questions as well, and the -ing or having choice follows the same order rule.
Pregunta 20
Pregunta 20 · D4Bloom: Apply
A participle phrase in a sentence with a past perfect.
___ the deadline, she submitted the work just in time.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: D)Meeting
💡 Explicación
A participle phrase is independent of the main clause tense. A present participle can sit in front of a past perfect just as easily as in front of a present simple.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: D)Meeting
A)MetA past participle after a past perfect would describe her as being met, and she is the one meeting the deadline.
B)Having metA perfect participle would add a third layer of past reference, and the sentence does not need it.
C)To meetAn infinitive cannot open a participle clause.
D)MeetingCorrect! A present participle phrase can accompany a past perfect main clause without any conflict of tense.
💡 Explicación
A participle phrase is independent of the main clause tense. A present participle can sit in front of a past perfect just as easily as in front of a present simple.
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