Pregunta 1
Pregunta 1 · D4Bloom: AnalyzeA student notices the condition of a classmate's shoes after an outdoor activity.
The pavement is soaked and the shoes are muddy, so they ____ have walked through the meadow.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: A) must
💡 Explicación
Present evidence about a past action is the classic ground of 'must have' plus a participle. The auxiliary 'have' places the action before now.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: A) must
- A) mustCorrect! 'Must have' plus a participle draws a certain conclusion about a completed past action.
- B) might'Might' would weaken a conclusion that the two visible signs support.
- C) cannot'Cannot' would deny the walk, and nothing indicates that.
- D) would'Would' would form a conditional that the sentence does not contain.
💡 Explicación
Present evidence about a past action is the classic ground of 'must have' plus a participle. The auxiliary 'have' places the action before now.
Pregunta 2
Pregunta 2 · D4Bloom: AnalyzeA student arrives at school out of breath on a hot morning.
He is out of breath and his shirt is soaked, so he ____ have run to catch the bus.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: B) must
💡 Explicación
Two independent present signs point to the same past activity, which justifies a certain rather than a hedged conclusion.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: B) must
- A) might'Might' would be a weaker conclusion than the evidence allows.
- B) mustCorrect! 'Must' states a certain conclusion from two signs about his present state.
- C) should not'Should not' would give advice, which has no place in a deduction.
- D) can'Can' states capacity, and it cannot introduce a past conclusion.
💡 Explicación
Two independent present signs point to the same past activity, which justifies a certain rather than a hedged conclusion.
Pregunta 3
Pregunta 3 · D4Bloom: AnalyzeA cleaner reports the state of a floor after a school day in a coastal region.
There is sand all over the classroom floor, so somebody ____ have been to the beach this morning.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: C) must
💡 Explicación
The deduced action is unfinished in its relevance to the present, so the perfect form 'have been' carries it.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: C) must
- A) should'Should' would express a general expectation and ignores the evidence.
- B) can'Can' expresses capacity in the present or the past, not a deduction about the past.
- C) mustCorrect! 'Must have' plus 'been' plus a participle states a certain conclusion about a past experience.
- D) will'Will' would place the visit in the future.
💡 Explicación
The deduced action is unfinished in its relevance to the present, so the perfect form 'have been' carries it.
Pregunta 4
Pregunta 4 · D4Bloom: ApplyA student describes the condition of a classmate at the start of the morning.
He has a terrible headache and looks exhausted, so he ____ have stayed up all night.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: D) must
💡 Explicación
The structure of a past deduction is modal plus 'have' plus participle, and the strength of the conclusion is expressed by the modal itself.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: D) must
- A) might'Might' would hedge a conclusion the symptoms clearly support.
- B) cannot'Cannot' would deny the sleepless night, and nothing contradicts it.
- C) should'Should' would express a norm about sleeping, not an inference.
- D) mustCorrect! 'Must' states a certain conclusion from the visible state of the person.
💡 Explicación
The structure of a past deduction is modal plus 'have' plus participle, and the strength of the conclusion is expressed by the modal itself.
Pregunta 5
Pregunta 5 · D4Bloom: AnalyzeA project group reviews the remaining tasks listed in its plan.
The students ____ have finished the project; there is still work on the schedule for next week.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: A) cannot
💡 Explicación
A certain negative deduction about the past takes 'cannot have' plus a participle. 'Must not have' would state the opposite.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: A) cannot
- A) cannotCorrect! 'Cannot have' plus a participle states a certain negative conclusion from present evidence.
- B) must'Must' would assert the opposite of what the schedule shows.
- C) might'Might' would leave the conclusion open, and the evidence is direct.
- D) will'Will' would place the completion in the future, which the schedule supports instead.
💡 Explicación
A certain negative deduction about the past takes 'cannot have' plus a participle. 'Must not have' would state the opposite.
Pregunta 6
Pregunta 6 · D4Bloom: ApplyA student prepares to leave home and cannot find an object in its usual place.
You ____ have left the umbrella on the bus; it is not in the rack by the door.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: B) must
💡 Explicación
A certain deduction from a missing object takes the form 'must have' plus a participle, whether the object was lost, left or given away.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: B) must
- A) should'Should' would express an expectation and would need a subject and a verb.
- B) mustCorrect! 'Must' plus 'have' plus a participle states a certain conclusion about where an object was left.
- C) may not'May not' would leave the conclusion open even though the rack is empty.
- D) can'Can' expresses capacity and cannot state a deduction about the past.
💡 Explicación
A certain deduction from a missing object takes the form 'must have' plus a participle, whether the object was lost, left or given away.
Pregunta 7
Pregunta 7 · D5Bloom: EvaluateA colleague arrives at an office at the end of the working day.
The office was dark and the computer off, so the secretary ____ have left for the day.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: C) might
💡 Explicación
An empty dark office is compatible with several explanations, so the honest form is the hedged 'might have'.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: C) might
- A) must'Must' would state a certain conclusion that the dark office does not justify on its own.
- B) cannot'Cannot' would deny that she left, and the evidence suggests the opposite.
- C) mightCorrect! 'Might have' plus a participle leaves open when or why the secretary left.
- D) should'Should' would express a norm about working hours rather than a conclusion.
💡 Explicación
An empty dark office is compatible with several explanations, so the honest form is the hedged 'might have'.
Pregunta 8
Pregunta 8 · D4Bloom: ApplyA student arrives at a lecture hall well before the scheduled hour.
The hall is empty and the chairs are stacked, so the lecture ____ have finished earlier than usual.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: D) must
💡 Explicación
An empty room with stacked chairs is direct evidence that the session already ended, so the past deduction takes 'must have' plus a participle.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: D) must
- A) might'Might' would weaken a conclusion that the empty hall clearly supports.
- B) cannot'Cannot' would deny the earlier finish, and the room contradicts it.
- C) should'Should' would express a norm about timetables rather than an inference.
- D) mustCorrect! 'Must' plus 'have' plus a participle states a certain conclusion about a past event from present evidence.
💡 Explicación
An empty room with stacked chairs is direct evidence that the session already ended, so the past deduction takes 'must have' plus a participle.
Pregunta 9
Pregunta 9 · D5Bloom: AnalyzeA teacher explains why a student failed a question in a written exercise.
____ he studied the chapter, he would have answered the question correctly.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: A) Had
💡 Explicación
The third conditional omits 'if' and inverts the subject with the past form of 'have'. That inversion is the mark of the unreal past condition.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: A) Had
- A) HadCorrect! 'Had' inverts the subject and the past auxiliary, which is the third conditional without 'if'.
- B) If'If' would require the normal word order, and the sentence as written has no 'if'.
- C) Should'Should' would be a modal of expectation, not an inversion of a past auxiliary.
- D) Would'Would' cannot open a third conditional clause by itself.
💡 Explicación
The third conditional omits 'if' and inverts the subject with the past form of 'have'. That inversion is the mark of the unreal past condition.
Pregunta 10
Pregunta 10 · D4Bloom: ApplyPeople gather outside a hall where a public screening was expected.
The film ____ have been cancelled because the hall is full and people are waiting outside.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: B) must
💡 Explicación
A public event with a full hall and a queue outside is strong evidence for a certain conclusion about a change of plan.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: B) must
- A) should'Should' would express a general expectation about programming, not a conclusion.
- B) mustCorrect! 'Must' plus 'have' plus a participle states a certain conclusion from the situation in the hall.
- C) might'Might' would weaken a deduction that the crowded hall clearly supports.
- D) can'Can' states capacity and cannot be followed by a past participle in this meaning.
💡 Explicación
A public event with a full hall and a queue outside is strong evidence for a certain conclusion about a change of plan.
Pregunta 11
Pregunta 11 · D4Bloom: EvaluateA participant comments on the absence of a colleague from a short meeting.
I did not see you at the meeting, so you ____ have arrived after it finished.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: C) might
💡 Explicación
Absence admits several explanations, so the deduction must stay hedged: 'might have' plus a participle.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: C) might
- A) must'Must' would assert the late arrival as certain, which the absence alone cannot prove.
- B) cannot'Cannot' would deny the arrival, and nothing suggests that.
- C) mightCorrect! 'Might have' plus a participle leaves open the reason for the absence.
- D) shall'Shall' is used for offers and formal declarations, not for deduction.
💡 Explicación
Absence admits several explanations, so the deduction must stay hedged: 'might have' plus a participle.
Pregunta 12
Pregunta 12 · D4Bloom: AnalyzeA relative describes the professional path of a family member.
He ____ have studied medicine; he works in a restaurant in the city centre.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: D) cannot
💡 Explicación
A present reality that contradicts an assumed past is expressed with 'cannot have' plus a participle, not with 'must not have'.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: D) cannot
- A) must'Must' would assert the opposite of what his work shows.
- B) might'Might' would leave the conclusion open even though the evidence is clear.
- C) would'Would' would form a conditional and would need a main clause.
- D) cannotCorrect! 'Cannot have' plus a participle states a certain negative conclusion that the present job contradicts.
💡 Explicación
A present reality that contradicts an assumed past is expressed with 'cannot have' plus a participle, not with 'must not have'.
Pregunta 13
Pregunta 13 · D3Bloom: ApplyA resident checks a garden in the morning after a night of bad weather.
The ground around the tree is wet, so it ____ have rained heavily during the night.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: A) must
💡 Explicación
The sign is present and the deduced event is past, which is the standard context for 'must have' plus a participle.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: A) must
- A) mustCorrect! 'Must' states a certain conclusion about rainfall from the state of the ground.
- B) might'Might' would weaken a conclusion that the ground condition makes safe.
- C) cannot'Cannot' would deny the rain, and the wet ground contradicts it.
- D) should'Should' would express an expectation about seasonal weather rather than an inference.
💡 Explicación
The sign is present and the deduced event is past, which is the standard context for 'must have' plus a participle.
Pregunta 14
Pregunta 14 · D5Bloom: EvaluateA person explains a mistake that followed from an incomplete explanation.
You ____ have told me the truth; I made a wrong decision because of the wrong information.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: B) should
💡 Explicación
Blame for an omission in the past takes 'should have' plus a participle. The modal expresses an expectation, not a rule.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: B) should
- A) must'Must' would state a strict obligation, which the narrative does not present as broken.
- B) shouldCorrect! 'Should' expresses what was expected of the other person, and the speaker names the consequence.
- C) could'Could' is a past ability modal and does not express expectation.
- D) will'Will' would place the telling in the future.
💡 Explicación
Blame for an omission in the past takes 'should have' plus a participle. The modal expresses an expectation, not a rule.
Pregunta 15
Pregunta 15 · D4Bloom: AnalyzeA guard walks past an office that is still illuminated late at night.
The lights in the office are still on at midnight; the manager ____ have forgotten to go home.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: C) must
💡 Explicación
Lit rooms at an unusual hour are strong present evidence of continued work, which licenses a certain past deduction.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: C) must
- A) should'Should' would express a norm about leaving time, which the late hour does not address.
- B) might not'Might not' would weaken a conclusion that the lit office clearly supports.
- C) mustCorrect! 'Must' plus 'have' plus a participle states a certain conclusion about a past action from a present sign.
- D) cannot'Cannot' would deny the deduction, and the evidence points the other way.
💡 Explicación
Lit rooms at an unusual hour are strong present evidence of continued work, which licenses a certain past deduction.
Pregunta 16
Pregunta 16 · D4Bloom: EvaluateA student reacts to a classmate who produced an entire written report overnight.
I cannot believe he ____ have finished the whole report in one night.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: D) might
💡 Explicación
Surprise at a past event uses the hedged modal. 'Cannot believe' is itself a negative clause that leaves room for a weak conclusion.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: D) might
- A) must'Must' would assert the feat as certain, which contradicts the stated disbelief.
- B) can'Can' is an ability modal and cannot be followed here by a past participle in this meaning.
- C) should'Should' would express an expectation and would be odd after 'cannot believe'.
- D) mightCorrect! 'Might' plus 'have' plus a participle fits the speaker's genuine surprise, even though the report does exist.
💡 Explicación
Surprise at a past event uses the hedged modal. 'Cannot believe' is itself a negative clause that leaves room for a weak conclusion.
Pregunta 17
Pregunta 17 · D4Bloom: ApplyA parent enters a room where the toys of two children lie scattered.
The children ____ have been playing here; the toys are scattered under the table.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: A) must
💡 Explicación
When the deduced action is a past activity whose traces remain visible, the form is 'must have been' plus a participle.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: A) must
- A) mustCorrect! 'Must have been' plus a participle states a certain conclusion about a past activity still related to the present.
- B) might'Might' would weaken a conclusion that the scattered toys support.
- C) cannot'Cannot' would deny that the children played, and the toys indicate the opposite.
- D) would'Would' would express a past habit or a polite offer.
💡 Explicación
When the deduced action is a past activity whose traces remain visible, the form is 'must have been' plus a participle.
Pregunta 18
Pregunta 18 · D5Bloom: EvaluateA resident examines mud in a garden after rainfall.
There are footprints in the garden, so somebody ____ have walked there after the rain.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: B) might
💡 Explicación
The evidence establishes that someone walked there but not who or when, so the modal has to stay hedged.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: B) might
- A) must'Must' would name a certain walker, and the evidence identifies nobody.
- B) mightCorrect! 'Might have' plus a participle leaves open who walked and when, which the footprints do not establish.
- C) cannot'Cannot' would deny that anyone walked there.
- D) shall'Shall' is used for offers and formal statements, not for a deduction.
💡 Explicación
The evidence establishes that someone walked there but not who or when, so the modal has to stay hedged.
Pregunta 19
Pregunta 19 · D4Bloom: AnalyzeA student reports a missing notebook in an empty classroom.
He ____ have taken my notebook, because it is not in my bag and he was the only one here.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: C) must
💡 Explicación
When the evidence leaves only one possible agent, the deduction is certain and 'must' is the correct modal.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: C) must
- A) might'Might' would be too weak when the number of possible people is one.
- B) should'Should' would express an expectation about respecting other people's property.
- C) mustCorrect! 'Must' plus 'have' plus a participle states a certain conclusion when only one person had access.
- D) can'Can' expresses capacity and cannot carry a past participle in this meaning.
💡 Explicación
When the evidence leaves only one possible agent, the deduction is certain and 'must' is the correct modal.
Pregunta 20
Pregunta 20 · D4Bloom: EvaluateA school explains why some students were unaware of an important notice.
They ____ have missed the announcement, because the notice was removed on Friday.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: D) might
💡 Explicación
An indirect sign such as a removed notice supports only a possible explanation, which 'might have' expresses without overstating the case.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: D) might
- A) must'Must' would state that they definitely missed it, and a removed notice does not prove it.
- B) cannot'Cannot' would deny the possibility, and nothing supports that.
- C) would'Would' would form a conditional and would need a main clause.
- D) mightCorrect! 'Might' plus 'have' plus a participle leaves open when the notice was read.
💡 Explicación
An indirect sign such as a removed notice supports only a possible explanation, which 'might have' expresses without overstating the case.