You want to identify one specific person in a crowd.
Choose the relative clause that defines a specific person.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: A)The student who lives next door is my cousin.
💡 Explicación
A defining relative clause uses who, which or that and narrows the noun it follows to a specific individual or item.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: A)The student who lives next door is my cousin.
A)The student who lives next door is my cousin.Correct. 'Who' is the relative pronoun for people, and a defining clause narrows the reference to one particular student.
B)The student what lives next door is my cousin.Wrong. 'What' cannot function as a relative pronoun referring to a person followed by a clause.
C)The student which lives next door is my cousin.Wrong. 'Which' is used for things, not for people, in defining relative clauses.
D)The student lives next door is my cousin.Wrong. Without a relative pronoun the two verbs clash and the sentence is ungrammatical.
💡 Explicación
A defining relative clause uses who, which or that and narrows the noun it follows to a specific individual or item.
Pregunta 2
Pregunta 2 · D4Bloom: Remember
You describe a thing, not a person.
Choose the relative clause that correctly refers to a thing.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: B)The book which I borrowed is overdue.
💡 Explicación
Relative pronouns carry meaning: who and whom for people, which for things and that for either in defining clauses.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: B)The book which I borrowed is overdue.
A)The book who I borrowed is overdue.Wrong. 'Who' refers to people and cannot modify the noun 'book'.
B)The book which I borrowed is overdue.Correct. 'Which' is the standard relative pronoun for objects or things.
C)The book whom I borrowed is overdue.Wrong. 'Whom' is used for people as the object of a preposition, not for things.
D)The book what I borrowed is overdue.Wrong. 'What' cannot be the object of a preposition in a relative clause like this.
💡 Explicación
Relative pronouns carry meaning: who and whom for people, which for things and that for either in defining clauses.
Pregunta 3
Pregunta 3 · D5Bloom: Apply
The relative clause must be set off with commas because the information is extra.
Choose the non-defining relative clause.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: C)My brother, who lives in Arequipa, is visiting next week.
💡 Explicación
A non-defining clause adds supplementary information about something already identified, and it is set off with commas.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: C)My brother, who lives in Arequipa, is visiting next week.
A)My brother, that lives in Arequipa, is visiting next week.Wrong. Non-defining clauses in formal English use who or which, not that.
B)My brother lives in Arequipa is visiting next week.Wrong. Without commas the clause would be read as defining, and the sentence as written lacks the punctuation that separates it.
C)My brother, who lives in Arequipa, is visiting next week.Correct. Commas and non-defining who signal that the clause adds extra information about an already identified person.
D)My brother lives in Arequipa, is visiting next week.Wrong. The punctuation is misplaced and the sentence has two finite verbs with no relative structure.
💡 Explicación
A non-defining clause adds supplementary information about something already identified, and it is set off with commas.
Pregunta 4
Pregunta 4 · D5Bloom: Apply
The pronoun case depends on its role inside the clause.
Choose the sentence with the correct relative pronoun.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: D)The teacher to whom I spoke was very patient.
💡 Explicación
A relative pronoun takes the case of its function within the clause, so after a preposition the object form is required.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: D)The teacher to whom I spoke was very patient.
A)The teacher what I spoke was very patient.Wrong. 'What' cannot serve as the object of a preposition.
B)The teacher which I spoke was very patient.Wrong. 'Which' refers to things and cannot refer to a teacher.
C)The teacher who I spoke was very patient.Wrong. 'Who' is the subject form and cannot follow a preposition in this position.
D)The teacher to whom I spoke was very patient.Correct. After the preposition 'to' the object form 'whom' is required in formal written English.
💡 Explicación
A relative pronoun takes the case of its function within the clause, so after a preposition the object form is required.
Pregunta 5
Pregunta 5 · D5Bloom: Apply
The sentence must contain a relative clause in the object position.
Choose the sentence in which the relative pronoun is the object and can be omitted.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: A)The essay she wrote won a prize.
💡 Explicación
When the relative pronoun is the object of the clause, its omission is possible and common, especially in everyday speech.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: A)The essay she wrote won a prize.
A)The essay she wrote won a prize.Correct. 'She' is the object of 'wrote' inside the clause, so the pronoun has been left out, which is standard English.
B)The essay whom wrote won a prize.Wrong. 'Whom wrote' places the object form in the subject position, which is not correct.
C)The essay who wrote won a prize.Wrong. 'Who' refers to a person and cannot modify the noun 'essay'.
D)The essay wrote she won a prize.Wrong. 'Wrote she' reverses the normal word order and does not form a clause.
💡 Explicación
When the relative pronoun is the object of the clause, its omission is possible and common, especially in everyday speech.
Pregunta 6
Pregunta 6 · D6Bloom: Analyze
A grammarian compares defining and non-defining clauses.
Choose the statement that best explains the difference between the two types.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: B)A defining clause narrows the reference of the noun, while a non-defining clause adds information about an already identified noun.
💡 Explicación
The distinction between the two types is about information, not about the kind of noun or the presence of a verb.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: B)A defining clause narrows the reference of the noun, while a non-defining clause adds information about an already identified noun.
A)A defining clause always requires commas, while a non-defining clause never uses them.Wrong. It reverses the punctuation rule, since defining clauses are not normally set off with commas.
B)A defining clause narrows the reference of the noun, while a non-defining clause adds information about an already identified noun.Correct. This is the defining functional difference, and it explains the different punctuation each type requires.
C)A defining clause must contain a verb, while a non-defining clause may not contain one.Wrong. Both types contain finite verbs, since they are clauses rather than phrases.
D)A defining clause can only modify people, while a non-defining clause can only modify things.Wrong. Both types can modify either people or things; the choice of pronoun does not depend on that.
💡 Explicación
The distinction between the two types is about information, not about the kind of noun or the presence of a verb.
Pregunta 7
Pregunta 7 · D6Bloom: Analyze
An editor checks a sentence for an unnecessary comma.
Choose the version in which the punctuation matches the type of clause used.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: C)The professor, who wrote three books, is retiring.
💡 Explicación
Punctuation is the visible marker of clause type, and moving or removing a comma changes which reading the sentence supports.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: C)The professor, who wrote three books, is retiring.
A)The professor, who wrote three books is retiring.Wrong. The opening comma has no matching closing comma, so the punctuation is inconsistent.
B)The professor who wrote three books, is retiring.Wrong. The commas in this version make the clause non-defining, which contradicts the sense of a single identified professor.
C)The professor, who wrote three books, is retiring.Correct. This version uses no commas, so the clause is read as defining and restricts the reference to one specific professor.
D)The professor who wrote three books is retiring.Wrong. The commas here make the clause non-defining, which restricts rather than explains, so the sense changes.
💡 Explicación
Punctuation is the visible marker of clause type, and moving or removing a comma changes which reading the sentence supports.
Pregunta 8
Pregunta 8 · D6Bloom: Apply
A sentence needs a clause modifying a time expression.
Choose the relative clause that correctly modifies a time expression.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: D)On the days when the market opens early, the prices fall.
💡 Explicación
Time expressions are commonly extended with a when-clause, and when is the connective that fits this pattern naturally.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: D)On the days when the market opens early, the prices fall.
A)On the days when the market opens early the prices, fall.Wrong. The comma is misplaced in front of the main verb, which breaks the sentence structure.
B)On the days that the market opens early, the prices fall.Wrong. 'That' can introduce a clause but 'on the days that the market opens early' is less idiomatic than 'when'.
C)On the days which the market opens early, the prices fall.Wrong. 'Which' would require an object role and cannot introduce this adverbial clause about time.
D)On the days when the market opens early, the prices fall.Correct. 'When' introduces a clause of time and is the natural connective after 'on the days'.
💡 Explicación
Time expressions are commonly extended with a when-clause, and when is the connective that fits this pattern naturally.
Pregunta 9
Pregunta 9 · D6Bloom: Apply
A description needs a clause referring to a person with a preposition.
Choose the sentence with the correct relative pronoun after a preposition.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: A)The colleague with whom I share an office is on leave.
💡 Explicación
Formal English requires whom for the object of a preposition, and this rule is frequently tested in written examinations.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: A)The colleague with whom I share an office is on leave.
A)The colleague with whom I share an office is on leave.Correct. The pronoun is the object of the preposition 'with', so the form 'whom' is required.
B)The colleague with what I share an office is on leave.Wrong. 'What' cannot be the object of a preposition in a relative clause.
C)The colleague with which I share an office is on leave.Wrong. 'Which' refers to things and cannot stand for a colleague.
D)The colleague with who I share an office is on leave.Wrong. 'Who' is the subject form and does not follow a preposition here.
💡 Explicación
Formal English requires whom for the object of a preposition, and this rule is frequently tested in written examinations.
Pregunta 10
Pregunta 10 · D6Bloom: Apply
A sentence needs two items described in one clause.
Choose the sentence that correctly uses a relative pronoun to refer to two things.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: B)The bag and the umbrella that I bought are wet.
💡 Explicación
That has a special use with two nouns joined by and, which is why it is the only workable pronoun in this sentence.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: B)The bag and the umbrella that I bought are wet.
A)The bag and the umbrella which I bought are wet.Wrong. 'Which' cannot stand for a plural combination of two different nouns in a defining clause.
B)The bag and the umbrella that I bought are wet.Correct. 'That' is the only relative pronoun that can refer to two nouns joined by and in a defining clause.
C)The bag and the umbrella whom I bought are wet.Wrong. 'Whom' refers to people, so it cannot modify a bag and an umbrella.
D)The bag and the umbrella what I bought are wet.Wrong. 'What' cannot refer back to two nouns as a subject pronoun here.
💡 Explicación
That has a special use with two nouns joined by and, which is why it is the only workable pronoun in this sentence.
Pregunta 11
Pregunta 11 · D6Bloom: Apply
A definition style guide discourages using a pronoun to refer to people.
Choose the definition that follows the style rule.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: C)A user is a person who has an account.
💡 Explicación
Where both who and that are grammatically possible, style guides usually recommend who because it avoids the impersonal feel of that.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: C)A user is a person who has an account.
A)A user is a person which has an account.Wrong. 'Which' cannot refer to a person.
B)A user is a person that has an account.Wrong. 'That' is grammatical in defining clauses but is avoided in careful style guides when it refers to people.
C)A user is a person who has an account.Correct. Using who rather than that respects people and is the convention preferred in formal definition writing.
D)A user is a person what has an account.Wrong. 'What' cannot function as a relative pronoun referring back to a person in a definition.
💡 Explicación
Where both who and that are grammatically possible, style guides usually recommend who because it avoids the impersonal feel of that.
Pregunta 12
Pregunta 12 · D7Bloom: Analyze
An exercise tests relative clauses with a possessive relationship.
Choose the sentence that correctly expresses possession within a relative clause.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: D)The author whose novels I admire most was born in Arequipa.
💡 Explicación
Possession inside a relative clause requires whose, which is why the possessive relative pronoun is a standard test item.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: D)The author whose novels I admire most was born in Arequipa.
A)The author which novels I admire most was born in Arequipa.Wrong. 'Which' has no possessive form and refers to things without indicating ownership.
B)The author whom novels I admire most was born in Arequipa.Wrong. 'Whom' is an object form and has no possessive function.
C)The author who's novels I admire most was born in Arequipa.Wrong. 'Who's' is the contraction of 'who is' and cannot express possession.
D)The author whose novels I admire most was born in Arequipa.Correct. 'Whose' expresses possession and is the only relative pronoun able to do so.
💡 Explicación
Possession inside a relative clause requires whose, which is why the possessive relative pronoun is a standard test item.
Pregunta 13
Pregunta 13 · D7Bloom: Apply
A report describes two people using one verb.
Choose the sentence that correctly shares a verb across two subjects.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: A)My father and my uncle were both born in the provinces.
💡 Explicación
A relative clause can stretch across two coordinated subjects, but the number agreement is decided by both subjects together.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: A)My father and my uncle were both born in the provinces.
A)My father and my uncle were both born in the provinces.Correct. With two subjects joined by and, the plural auxiliary 'were' is required and both verbs appear once as 'were born'.
B)My father and my uncle both born in the provinces.Wrong. A finite verb is missing, so the sentence has no structure.
C)My father and my uncle were both born in the provinces is true.Wrong. The verb phrase is complete and cannot be followed by 'is true'.
D)My father and my uncle was both born in the provinces.Wrong. 'Was' agrees with a singular subject, but the subject here is a plural pair.
💡 Explicación
A relative clause can stretch across two coordinated subjects, but the number agreement is decided by both subjects together.
Pregunta 14
Pregunta 14 · D7Bloom: Apply
An editor rewrites a long sentence using a non-defining clause.
Choose the version that correctly separates extra information with a non-defining clause.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: B)Cusco, which lies in the south-east of Peru, has a large cathedral.
💡 Explicación
When the extra information concerns a thing rather than a person, non-defining clauses use which, and the commas must be balanced.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: B)Cusco, which lies in the south-east of Peru, has a large cathedral.
A)Cusco which lies in the south-east of Peru has a large cathedral.Wrong. Without commas the clause would restrict the reference, which is not the intended meaning.
B)Cusco, which lies in the south-east of Peru, has a large cathedral.Correct. Commas plus non-defining which correctly present the location as additional information about the city.
C)Cusco, which lies the south-east of Peru, has a large cathedral.Wrong. 'Which lies the south-east' lacks the preposition 'in' that the phrase requires.
D)Cusco, that lies in the south-east of Peru, has a large cathedral.Wrong. Non-defining clauses in formal English do not use that.
💡 Explicación
When the extra information concerns a thing rather than a person, non-defining clauses use which, and the commas must be balanced.
Pregunta 15
Pregunta 15 · D7Bloom: Analyze
A grammar task tests the distinction between who and whom.
Choose the pair in which both pronouns are used correctly.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: C)The man who called me left a message. / The man to whom I spoke was helpful.
💡 Explicación
Case in relative pronouns depends on the role inside the clause: subject position takes who or that and object position takes whom.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: C)The man who called me left a message. / The man to whom I spoke was helpful.
A)The man who called me left a message. / The man to who I spoke was helpful.Wrong. 'To who' uses the subject form after a preposition, which is informal at best and wrong in formal writing.
B)The man whom called me left a message. / The man who I spoke was helpful.Wrong. 'Whom called' puts the object form in the subject position, and 'who I spoke' follows a preposition.
C)The man who called me left a message. / The man to whom I spoke was helpful.Correct. 'Who' is the subject of 'called' and 'whom' is the object of the preposition 'to', so both are right.
D)The man whom called me left a message. / The man to whom I spoke was helpful.Wrong. The first clause misuses whom as a subject, even though the second one is correct.
💡 Explicación
Case in relative pronouns depends on the role inside the clause: subject position takes who or that and object position takes whom.
Pregunta 16
Pregunta 16 · D7Bloom: Analyze
An exam tests a sentence with two different relative clauses.
Choose the sentence in which both relative clauses are correctly formed.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: D)The car that she bought from the dealer who offered a discount was expensive.
💡 Explicación
A single sentence can carry several relative clauses, and each one must be judged separately for pronoun choice and case.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: D)The car that she bought from the dealer who offered a discount was expensive.
A)The car what she bought from the dealer whom offered a discount was expensive.Wrong. Both pronouns are wrong: 'what' cannot be the object and 'whom' cannot be the subject.
B)The car that she bought from the dealer whom offered a discount was expensive.Wrong. 'Whom' is the object form and cannot serve as the subject of 'offered'.
C)The car what she bought from the dealer who offered a discount was expensive.Wrong. 'What' cannot be used as an object relative pronoun in a defining clause.
D)The car that she bought from the dealer who offered a discount was expensive.Correct. 'That' defines the car as the object of 'bought' and 'who' is the subject of 'offered', so both clauses are correct.
💡 Explicación
A single sentence can carry several relative clauses, and each one must be judged separately for pronoun choice and case.
Pregunta 17
Pregunta 17 · D8Bloom: Evaluate
A stylometry exercise evaluates sentences for information density.
Which sentence conveys the most information with the fewest words?
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: A)The 1998 report that the team wrote in Lima won an award.
💡 Explicación
Economy in writing comes from omitting relative pronouns that the grammar allows to be left out, especially in the object position.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: A)The 1998 report that the team wrote in Lima won an award.
A)The 1998 report that the team wrote in Lima won an award.Correct. Omitting the object relative pronoun gives the same meaning with fewer words, which is the most economical version.
B)The 1998 report what the team wrote in Lima won an award.Wrong. 'What' is incorrect here, so this version is not an option in any case.
C)The 1998 report the team wrote in Lima won an award.Wrong. Including 'that' is correct style but adds a word unnecessarily when the pronoun can be omitted.
D)The 1998 report which the team wrote in Lima won an award.Wrong. Using 'which' is grammatical but adds a word that the object position allows us to leave out.
💡 Explicación
Economy in writing comes from omitting relative pronouns that the grammar allows to be left out, especially in the object position.
Pregunta 18
Pregunta 18 · D8Bloom: Analyze
A grammar exercise examines a verb whose clause is missing a relative pronoun.
Choose the explanation that accounts for the sentence 'The reason he was late was the traffic.'
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: B)The relative pronoun is the object of the noun 'reason', so it can be omitted without loss of meaning.
💡 Explicación
Nouns such as reason, fact and news take a clause as a complement, and the relative pronoun in that position is always omissible.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: B)The relative pronoun is the object of the noun 'reason', so it can be omitted without loss of meaning.
A)The sentence is missing the relative pronoun 'that' and is therefore ungrammatical.Wrong. The omission is permitted because the pronoun is the object of the preposition implied by the noun.
B)The relative pronoun is the object of the noun 'reason', so it can be omitted without loss of meaning.Correct. The clause 'he was late' is a complement of 'reason', so the relative pronoun may be omitted.
C)The relative pronoun is the subject of the clause and must appear at the start.Wrong. The pronoun here is not the subject of the clause, which is headed by 'he'.
D)The relative pronoun must be 'which' because 'reason' refers to an idea rather than a person.Wrong. The choice of pronoun depends on whether the referent is a person or a thing, not on whether it is abstract.
💡 Explicación
Nouns such as reason, fact and news take a clause as a complement, and the relative pronoun in that position is always omissible.
Pregunta 19
Pregunta 19 · D8Bloom: Analyze
An exam item tests relative clauses that refer to whole clauses.
Choose the sentence that correctly uses what to refer to a previous idea.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: C)He missed the last bus, which made him miss the interview.
💡 Explicación
A relative pronoun that can stand for a whole clause, such as which, is far more flexible than one that must refer to a single noun.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: C)He missed the last bus, which made him miss the interview.
A)He missed the last bus, that made him miss the interview.Wrong. Non-defining clauses about ideas use which, not that.
B)He missed the last bus, what made him miss the interview.Wrong. 'What' cannot be used as a relative pronoun referring back to a whole clause in this way.
C)He missed the last bus, which made him miss the interview.Correct. 'Which' can refer to an entire preceding clause as well as to a single noun, which is its distinctive capacity.
D)He missed the last bus, whom made him miss the interview.Wrong. 'Whom' refers to people and cannot modify a preceding clause.
💡 Explicación
A relative pronoun that can stand for a whole clause, such as which, is far more flexible than one that must refer to a single noun.
Pregunta 20
Pregunta 20 · D8Bloom: Analyze
A grammar task tests the number agreement inside a relative clause.
Choose the sentence in which the verb inside the relative clause agrees correctly.
Elige una opción para comprobar tu respuesta.
Respuesta correcta: D)The list of names that were published yesterday is now online.
💡 Explicación
A verb inside a relative clause agrees with the noun immediately preceding the relative pronoun, not necessarily with the subject of the whole sentence.
Ver respuesta
Respuesta correcta: D)The list of names that were published yesterday is now online.
A)The list of names which are published yesterday is now online.Wrong. 'Are published yesterday' is not a valid combination of tense and time expression.
B)The list of names that were published yesterday are now online.Wrong. 'Are' would also have to refer to the plural 'names', but the subject of the main clause is the singular 'list'.
C)The list of names that was published yesterday is now online.Wrong. 'Were' would be required if the clause modified the plural 'names' rather than the singular 'list'.
D)The list of names that were published yesterday is now online.Correct. The noun that the clause modifies is 'list', which is singular, so 'was' inside the clause is correct.
💡 Explicación
A verb inside a relative clause agrees with the noun immediately preceding the relative pronoun, not necessarily with the subject of the whole sentence.
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